Sarah+R

CARBOHYDRATES:
1. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 2. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body and they produce sucrose and glucose, which the body converts into energy. 3. Examples are sugars, starches, and foods high in carbohydrates. PROTEINS: 1. Proteins are made up of amino acids arranged in a linear chain. There are 20 different kinds of amino acids, so there are a lot of different protein chains possible. 2. Proteins are used as enzymes in the body to increase the speed of reactions within the cells. 3. Examples are hemoglobin and albumin LIPIDS: 1. Lipids are consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made of fats, oils, waxes, and sterols. 2. Lipids help the body with joint mobilization, brain function, and energy production. 3. Examples are cholesterol and glycerol. NUCLEIC ACIDS: 1. Nucleic acids are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules bonded together in a long chain. 2. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information and use that information to direct the synthesis of new protein 3. Examples are RNA and DNA.

Wiki Assignment # 9 - Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs. Weak
1. A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute in the solution. This means that there is more solute then solvent. A dilute soulution has little solute. 2. A strong acid completely reacts in water and the forward reaction dominates, and in weak acids very little HA disociates and the reverse reation dominates. 3.

Wiki Assignment #8 - Equilibrium 2
1. When equilibrium has been reached, the concentratoins of the reactants and products remain constant with time. This is because the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. That means that there is no increase increase or decrease in the number of molecules in the substance. So the concentrations aren't changing, they're remaining constant. This doesn't contradict the statement that equilibrium is dynamic because when chemical equilibrium is reached there is no net change in the concentrations, but the forward and reverse reactions don't stop when the chemical equilibrium is reached. 2. The equilibrium expression for a chemical reaction is written as the ratio of concentrations of products over reactants at equilibrium. K is used to represent the equilibrium constant so K is equal to the products over the reactants, and the coefficiants are the power that the corresponding concentrations are raised to. balanced chemical equation: N2(g) + 3H2(g) <---> 2NH3(g) equilibrium expression: [NH3]^2 / [N2] [H2]^3 balanced chemical equation: H2(g) + F2(g) <---> 2HF(g) equilibrium expression: [HF]^2 / [H2] [F2] balanced chemical equation: 2O3(g) <---> 3O2(g) equilibrium expression: [O2]^3 / [O3]^2 3. Homogeneous equilibria: N2(g) + 3H2(g) <---> 2NH3(g) [NH3]^2 / [N2] [H2]^3 Heterogeneous equilibria: CaCO3(s) <---> CaO(s) + CO2(g) [CO2]

Wiki Assignment #7 - Equilibrium
If a person is walking in a mall and he starts walking up the down escalator at the same speed that the escalator is moving, it could be considered an example of equilibrium. The person walking forward could be thought of as the reactant, and the escalator moving down could be thought of as the product. The forward reaction in a chemical equilibrium when you can see the reaction happening is like the person walking before he gets on the escalator. When he gets on the escalator he appears to be staying in the same spot while he is walking, which is like the forward and reverse reaction in a chemical equilibrium cancelling each other out so you can't tell there is a reaction still occuring at equilibrium.

Wiki Assignment #6 - Reaction Rates
[|Concentration]: In this video, the elephant toothpaste demonstration is used. Hydrogen peroxide is mixed with sodium iodide. The first time it was done, 3 percent hydrogen peroxide was used, and the second time 30 percent hydrogen peroxide was used. The first reaction happened slower than the second reaction. This is because the 30 percent hydrogen peroxide had a higher concentration, so there were more molecules colliding with the sodium iodide molecules, leading to a higher reaction rate. [|Temperature]: If you have three glow sticks and you put one in hot water, one in cold water, and one that is room temperature, the one in hot water will glow brighter because the heat sped up the reaction, the one that is room temperature will remain constant, and the one in cold water will be dimmer because the reaction was slowed down. [|Catalyst]: In the video, magnesium oxide is added to hydrogen peroxide. The reaction happens is aggressive and happens very quickly. This is because the hydrogen peroxide acts as a catalyst in the presence of the magnesium oxide. It is more rapid because the catalyst lowered the activation energy and made it easier to break the bonds. Adding the catalyst decreased the amount of time needed for the reaction to occur. [|Surface Area]: This example of surface area is a reaction between magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid. With the metal, the ions can only collide with the outside layer, not in between. In the acid, the ions are able to go in between and cause more collisions. The molecules are able to collide more often because the surface area of the acid is larger, and the reaction rate is higher because of the increase in the number of collisions.

Wiki Assignment #4 - Wonderful Water
Five Physical Properties of Water: 1. Water's surface tension is 73 dynes/cm at 20 degrees Celcius. This is unusually high compared to other molecules. Surface tension is a property of a liquid due to the forces of attraction between its molecules. Surface tension exists at the boundary surface of a liquid and leads to the apparent presence of a surface film that has properties similar to those of a stretched elastic film. 2. The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C which is unusually high compared to other molecules. Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 °C. 3. Water has a critical temperature of 647 K, which is similar to other molecules. Critical temperature is when the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied, regardless of the pressure applied. 4. The speed of sound in water is 1482 m/s at 293 K, which is high compared to other liquids. Sound travels faster through liquids than through gases because the molecules are closer together in liquids. The speed of sound is the rate that a sound wave travels through a medium. 5. The boiling point of water is at 100 degrees Celcius, which is similar to other liquids. The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid is turned into a vapor.

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Wiki Assignment #3 - A Global Warming?
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature of the earth caused by infrared radiation that gets trapped in the atmosphere by gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane. Without these gases the average global temperature would be about 0 degrees F instead of the real average global temperature of about 60 degrees F. As the molecules of greenhouse gases vibrate and switch charges at different frequencies, the charge will absorb the energy of the matching frequencies around it. The earth's surface emits the right frequencies of infrared for the greenhouse gases to absorb and re-emit energy. When energy is re-emitted, some of it leaves the atmosphere and some of it bounces around between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. When the infrared radiation is re-emitted back to earth, the air heats up.

I have heard that global warming is caused by humans, and because of global warming the polar ice caps will melt causing the sea level to rise and eliminate some of the states on the edge of America. I have also heard that limitting our use of fossil fuel will stop the effects of global warming. On the other side of things, I have heard that global warming does not exist and the earth goes through warming and cooling and this is just part of the cycle.

Wiki Assignment #1 - TED Talk
[|Video] Anthony Atala on Growing New Organs

I chose this video for the assignment because I'm interested in medical technology. I wanted to see how someone could make an artificial organ good enough to replace an actual human organ. Anthony Atala talked about the process they go through to make a new organ. First they remove cells from the organ that is being replaced. Then they look at what the cell is made up of, and then they regenerate large amounts of it. They add layers of different types of cells to make the organ. Then they put it into an oven that has the same conditions that a human body has. The organ is then excercised until it can function on its own without help. Anthony Atala then said that the process was not easy and it takes a long time to do. He also said that they still need stem cells from the liver, heart, nerve, and pancreas to be able to reconstruct these organs. After watching the video I learned that it takes a lot of time and a lot of people to grow a new organ. This new technology can save lives, but it is still not ready to be used on patients who need it. I was amazed that something like this can actually be done.