Katherine+S

Wiki Assignment 10: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates: 1 They are made of simple sugars or monosaccharides which contain -OH substituents. 2 They serve as food sources and are structural materials for plants 3 Fructose and glycogen Proteins: 1 They are made up of amino acids 2 They make up about 15 percent of a person's body to provide structural integrity and strength for some tissues. Proteins are in muscles, hair, and cartilage, and some of them stop oxygen and various nutrients, or act as catalysts, fight invasions in the body, help with the body's regulatory system, and metabolism. 3 Glysine and glutomine Lipids: 1 There are four types of lipids-fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. Fats and phospholipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Wakes are made up of monohydroxy alcohols. Steroids have four groups- cholesterol, adpenocorticord hormones, and sex hormones, and bile acids. 2 They can be used to furnion waterproof coatings on vegetation and animals, used in cosmetics, candles, and soap. They can block arteries, helo with regulatory functions, control the growth of reproductive organs, can cause changes in the menstrual cycle, digest fat, and help to control cholesterol levels. 3 Cholic acids and testosterone Nucleic acids: 1 They have nucleotides which are made up of nitrogen- containes base, a five -carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. 2 DNA helps with protein synthesis and the replication of DNA makes the transmission of genetic info possible. 3 Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids

Wiki Assignment 9: Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs Weak.
1. A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute dissolved and a dilute solution has a small amout of solute dissolved. 2. A strong acid is one which is virtually 100% ionised in a solution and there is a forward reaction. A weak acid dissociates incompletley and there is a reverse reaction. 3.

Wiki Assignment 8: Equilibrium 2
1. Even though the equilibrium system is dynamic it does not contradict because there are no net changes in the concentrations. The concentrations will remain constant with time because the ratio between the products changing to reactants and the reactants changing to products remains the same. 2. You write it by putting the concentration of the reactants over the concentration of the products. The substances inside the brackets represent the different substances and the letters outside the brackets represent the coefficients. Solids and liquids are not included in the expressions because their concentrations are constant. H2(g) + F2 (g)<---> 2HF (g) K = [HF]2 / [H2][F2] N2 (g) + 3H2(g) <---> 2NH3(g) K = [NH3]2 / [N2][H2]3 2O3 (g) <---> 3O2(g) K = [O2]3 / [O3]2 For example, in the first expression, the 2 after the [HF] represents the coeficient and when you put the concentration into the expression you will set it to the second power. 3. homogeneous: 2NBr3 (g) <--->N2 (g) + 3Br2(g) k= [N2][Br2]3 / [NBr3]2 heterogeneous: CaCO3(s) <---> CaO(s) + CO2 (g) k= [CO2]

Wiki Assignment 7: Equilibrium
An example of eqiulibrium is a pail of water in a room. The water in the pail will start to evaporate and the air will gain water vapor. Soon, the air will become completely saturated with water and the level of water in the pail cannot fall any lower but the water from the pail is still evaporating. Once in awhile the molecules of water in the air will hit the surface of the water and turn back into the liquid state. This happens at the same rate the water evaporates from the pail. The rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation so it is an example of dynamic equilibrium. (I had to use Christina's log in because I forgot my ID at school and I didn't know my ID number. Sorry! - Katherine)

Wiki Assignment 6: Reaction rates
[|Concentration Example: Elephant Toothpaste] In this video, a teacher uses 3% hydrogen peroxide to be mixed with sodium iodide. The reaction does not happen very fast because it is not very concentrated. Next, he uses 30% hydrogen peroxide. This reaction happens much quicker. The higher the concentration the more likely a reaction will occur. The faster the reaction happens is because the concentration is higher causing more molecules to be present and they bump and collide with one another. The slower the reaction, the less concentrated it is and the molecules are not going very dast and do not coollide as much. [|Temperature Example: Glow Sticks] The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules are moving and the more often the molecules bump into one another. In this experiment, three light sticks are placed in three different containers. The first, in a jar at room temperature, the second in a jar with almost boiling water, and the third is in ice. In the almost boiling water the atoms are moving vary quickly meaning that the glow stick is very hot which makes the glow stick produce more light. In the ice, the glow stick's atoms are slowing down so less light is being produced. The faster the reaction the more light the higher the temp. Because the molecules are moving faster in the almost boiling water stick the reaction wants to happen faster because there is a higher temperature. __Surface Area Example: Baking Brownies__ [|Text Reference] When you read direction on the back of a box for brownies they tell you the amount of minutes the brownies will need to cook depending on the size of the pan the brownies are in. As the size of the pan decreases the time the brownies need to be cooked for increaes. So, if the size of the pan is large, there is more room for the molecules to collide causing the reaction rate to increase. __Catalyst Example: N ickel [|Text Reference 2] __ Nickel can serve as a catalyst for Hydrogenation of a C=C double bond. The catalyst creates a path so less energy is needed for Hydrogenation of a C=C double bond. The presence of a catalyst increases the reaction rate because it lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur and it lowers the energy needed to break the bonds. It does all this without being consumed by the reaction.
 * Increasing the surface area of the reactants results in a higher number of reaction sites.
 * Reaction sites - specific sites on molecules at which reactions occur.
 * Increasing the number of reaction sites increases the number of total collisions.
 * The greater the frequency of total collisions, the greater the frequency of effective collisions.
 * If the frequency of effective collisions increases, so does the reaction rate.

Wiki Assignment 5: Investigating Solubility and Immiscibility
1. Immiscibility: Oil spills in the ocean can be cleaned by many devices: a. Booms: Booms are placed around the tanker that is spilling oil and collect oil off the water. They absorb any oil that flows around it. b. Skimmers: Skimmers are boats that remove oil from the water. c. Sorbents: Sponges that can collect the oil. d. Airplanes: Airplanes can fly over the water dropping chemicals into the ocean that can break down the oil in the ocean. e. Fireproof Booms: these curn the freshly spilled oil and contain the oil. However, this method causes air pollution. The Device that is chosen depends on the weather, the type of oil that is spilled, the amount of oil that is spilled, if people are currently living in that area, and what animals live in that area. Sometimes workers do not react to an oil spill because they may cause more damage then if they just left the spill alone.

2. Solubility Vs. Rate of Dissolution a. Solubility: The amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. When the temperature of a solid increases so does its solubility. When the temperature of a liquid or gas increases its solubility decreases. When you decrease surface area and stirring there is no effect on the solubility. b. Rate of Dissolution: The speed at which a substance dissolves or breaks down. When the temperature increases the rate of dissolution increases. When the surface area and stirring decrease so does the rate of dissolution.

Assignment #4: Wonderful Water
1. __Melting point:__ the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. The melting point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and 0 degrees Celcius. Water's melting point is average to that of other molecules. 2. __Heat Conductivity__: the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat. Heat conductivity appears primarily in Fourier's Law for heat conduction. The heat conductivity of water is 0.60 W m-1 k-1 when its at a temp of 293 K. This isvery high compared to other molecules. 3. __Surface Tension:__ the attraction of molecules to each other on a liquid's surface. Water's surface tension is 73 dynes/cm when its at 20 degrees Celcius. Water's surface tension is high compared to that of other molecules. 4. __Heat Capacity__: the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a of a substance by a unit of temperature. The heat capacity of water is 4.187 kJ/kgK. Water's heat capacity iis high compared to other molecules. 5. __Critical Temperature:__ the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone. Water's critical temperature is 374 degrees Celcius. This is average compared to the critical temperatures of other molecules.

[|Critical Temp 2][|Critical Temp][|Melting Point][|Heat Conductivity][|Surface Tension][|HeatCapacity][|Melting Point 2] [|Heat Conductivity2][|SurfaceTension 2][|Heat Capacity 2]

Assignment #3: A Global Warming?
Explanation of greenhouse gasses: Greenhouse gasses allow light to enter into our atmosphere. Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Argon are the most abundant greenhouse gasses in the air. Some of the molecules of these gasses that encounter the radiation energy trying to get into our atmosphere absorb it temporarily and then re-emit it back to where it came from, while others just reflect it back to where it came from. The molecules that are absorbing the readiation energy temporarily are the molecules that keep the warmth on the Earth. Whether the molecules absorb the energy or not depends on if the electron clouds are concentrated equally in different directions or not causing them to shift and bend. The shifting charges occur at different frequencies. If one of the frequencies happen at the same frequency as the radiation energy in a certain region, then the molecule absorbs that energy. The Earth's surface does emit the right frequencies that allow molecules to absorb an re-emit readiation energy. After the energy is re-emited, it gets bounced back and forth between the surface of the Earth and the atmosphere, causing the heat to stay in the air. Some of the greenhouse gasses are good absorbers of the readiation eneregy but they do not make up a high percentage of the air.

Satements I have heard about global warming and the greenhouse effect: 1. My generation's grandkids will not know what ice bergs are because they all will have melted by the time they are born. 2. Our ozone layer will be gone within the next 40 years. 3. The Earth's temperature is rising at an uncontrollable rate. 4. The sea level is rising because polar ice caps are melting due to global warming.

Assignment #2: Ideal Gasses in the Real World
[|Boyle's Law] (You only need to watch the first minute of the video.) To show Boyle's law, two pipets have been filled with liquid and placed in a jar. When the jar is sealed the liquid in the pipets stay in place. During this time the pressure and volume within the jar also stay the same. When the jar of the lid is taken off, the air in the jar escapes, causing a decrease of pressure inside the jar. The volume of the air in the pipets increases causing the air to push out the liquid. Boyle's law states that if the volume increase the pressure decreases and that remains true in this example. When the jar is opened, the prssure inside the jar decreases and the particles inside the jar don't colide as much because the volume has been increased.

[|Charles' Law] To show Carles' law, liquid nitrogen is being poured over a balloon. When it is poured over, the temperature of the air inside the balloon is cooled causing the air inside the balloon to contract and shrink, which means the volume has decreased. This fits Charles' law because he states that if the temperature increases so must the volume, so if the temperature decreases, the volume must decrease also. The reason the volume must also decrease is so that the amount of collisions between particles stays the same, meaning that the pressure stays the same.

[|Gay-Lussac's Law] (Start watching the video at 5:25.) Gay-Lussac's law is that if the pressure increases the temperature increases, and if the pressure decreases the temperature decreases. During this experiment water is put inside of a soda can and boiled to 100 degrees Celcius. According to Gay-Lussac's law, because the temperature of the water is increasing the pressure inside the soda can must also increase. After the water is boling. it is the placed in a beaker of ice water. Now that the water has cooled considerably, the pressure inside of the can is less than the pressure in the room, causing the can to be crushed. The decrease of pressure demonstrates that there are less collisions of particles occuring.

Assignment #1-TED Talk
[|Video 1]

I chose to watch the video "Anthony Atala on growing new organs" because I want to be a doctor and I think new and different things occurring in the medical field are interesting. I was also wondering how organs could be regenerated because I would have thought that if something happened to one's organ it would be damaged forever and therefore unable to heal itself.

This article is about how in the past few years the number of patients who need organ transplants has doubled but the count of available organs has stayed the same. Since we can no longer depend on only donors for organs, a different source must be found. Anthony Atala's solution is the regeneration of organs. He explains that when someone gets a donor organ there is a chance that their body may reject that organ causing an unsuccessful transplant. With Atala's option people would get the structure of someone else's organ but their own cells would be put in the skeleton after the donor's cells have been removed from the skeleton. This process would take a few weeks but there would not be the question wether or not the body would except the organ because it is the body's own cells that are in the organ. He also talked about how blood vessels can be repaired. For this process they take an empty scaffold and line it with cells from the person's own body. Once these cells are stable they excercise them while they are inside the scaffold and then place theem back in the person's body. Another topic Atala discusses is the repairment of small wounds. Our body can only repair a small distance of one centimeter by regeneration. Atala and his team are currently trying to find a way for our bodies to be able to repair much longer distances.

I found this talk to be fascinating because at the end of it Atala mentions how engineered organs have been being placed in people for over fourteen years. They are not as advanced as the organs that they are now trying to produce but never the less, they are still artificial. It amazes me as to how scientists come up with their ideas and how they can improve on devices that have already been manufactured. It is also really interesting that all of this research can be done due to being able to take cells out of someone's body. I would have thought that once you take them out it would be dangerous to put them back in because of the air and all the different bacteria that those cells would be exposed to. Mr. Atala has been working on regenerating organs for over twenty years and I find it captivating just thinking about how much more progress he and his team will make twenty more years from now.