Christina+S

Wiki Assignment #10 biomolecules
Carbohydrates: 1. made of simple sugars or monosaccharides that contain -OH substituents. 2. Carbs serve as food sources and are structural materials for plants 3. Fructose and glycogen

Proteins: 1. They are made up of amino acids 2. make up about 15 percent of a person's body to provide structural integrity and strength for some tissues. Proteins are in muscles, hair, and cartilage, and some of them stop oxygen and various nutrients, or act as catalysts, fight invasions in the body, help with the body's regulatory system, and metabolism. 3. Glysine and glutomine

Lipids: 1. four types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. Fats and phospholipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Waxes are made up of monohydroxy alcohols. Steroids have four groups- cholesterol, adpenocorticord hormones, sex hormones, and bile acids. 2. furnion waterproof coatings on vegetation and animals, used in cosmetics, candles, and soap. They can block arteries, can help regulatory functions work, control the growth of reproductive organs, can cause changes in the menstrual cycle, digest fat, and help to control cholesterol levels. 3. Cholic acids and testosterone

Nucleic acids: 1. They have nucleotides which are made up of nitrogen- containes base, a five -carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. 2. helps with protein synthesis and the replication of DNA makes the transmission of genetic info possible. 3. Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids

Wiki Assignment #9- Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs Weak.
1. A concentrated solution has a relatively large amount of solute dissolved compared to the amount of solvent and a dilute solution has a relatively large amount of solvent compared to the amount of solute. 2. In a weak acid solution the reverse reaction dominates and in the strong acid solution the forwarf reaction dominates. The strong acid solution has a weak conjugate base and most of the reactants become products. In the weak acid solution it has a strong conjugate base and little to none of the reactants dont react. 3. A concentrated solution of a strong acid HA + H20 > H30+ + A- A represents A- H represents H30+ A AH H A HA H A H A A H A H H concentrated solution of a weak acid HA + H20 > H30+ + A- 0 represents H30+ H represents HA A represents A- H A 0 0 H H H A H H

a dilute solution of a strong acid HA + H20 > H30+ + A- 0 represents H30+ A represents A- 0 A A 0 A 0

a dilute solution of a weak acid HA + H20 > H30+ + A- A represents A- 0 represents H30+ H represents HA H A H H 0

Wiki Assignment #8- equilibrium
1. The reason the concentration of all reactions and products remain constant with time when the concentration is at equilibrium is because chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state where the concentrartions of all reactants and products remain constant. The forward and the reverse reactions are happening at the same rate and there is no net change. It is always going just at the same rate so there is no net change.

2. To write the equilibrium expression we do the products over the reactants. We put them in brackets which represent the concentration(molarity). k is the equilibrium constant. 1. H2(g) + F2 (g)<> 2HF (g) [HF]2/[H2][F2]=K 2. N2 (g) + 3H2(g) <> 2NH3(g) [NH3]2/[N2][H2]3=k 3. 2O3 (g) <> 3O2(g) [O2]3/[O3]2=k

3. homogeneous= 2NBr3 (g) <>N2 (g) + 3Br2(g) k= [N2][Br2]3/[NBr3]2 heterogeneous= CaCO3(s) <> CaO(s) + CO2 (g) k= [CO2]

Wiki Assignment 7- equilibrium
An example of equilibrium is the number of balls being thrown in softball to the number of balls being caught. Equilibrium is the exact balancing of two processes, one of which is the opposite of the other. In this example, the balls being thrown is equal to the amount of balls being caught. The processes are not stopping:the balls are still being caught and thrown so there is not net difference. IN my example there are two opposite processes happening and they are happening at the same rate so it shows chemical equilibrium in real life.

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Increasing the concentration of reactants will increase the rate of the reaction. If there is more of a substance in a system, there is a greater chance that molecules will collide and speed up the rate of the reaction. If there is less of something, there will be fewer collisions and the reaction will probably happen at a slower speed.===== []

When you have a higher surface area, there are more molecules exposed to the collisions which makes a higher reaction rate. An example is taking a loaf of bread and cutting it into slices. Each time you cut a new slice, you get an extra surface where you can put butter on. The thinner you cut the slices, the more slices you get and so the more butter and jam you can put on them.
 * Surface Area**:

An example of this is glow sticks. When you crack them and they light up, they start running out of energy and light. But if you put the glow stick in the freezer then it would be able to glow for longer because the colder temperature is causing the energy to decrease and so the reaction will happen slower. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions. A catalyst affects the reaction rate, because it lowers the activation energy by giving the particles a different pathway or different way of reacting. An example of a catalyst is in chutes and ladders. If you land on a ladder then you dont have to go 14 places to get to a certain spot-you just go up the ladder. This saves time and also energy.
 * Temperature****:** When you raise the temperature, the molecules bounce around a lot more because they have more energy. When they bounce around more, they are more likely to collide, so they are also more likely to combine. When you lower the temperature, the molecules are slower and collide less. The higher the temp., the higher the reaction rate.
 * Catalyst**

www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basic**rates**/**surfacearea**.html mypages.iit.edu/~smile/cb1498.htm www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicratesmenu.html

Wiki Assignment #5- Investigating solubility and immiscibility To help clean up oil spills, you can use booms and skimmers. When oil is floating on the surface the oil can be held away from the shores by booms. It can then be cleared with skimmers. Booms are barriers that are about 3 ft below the surface of the water and are out by the shoreline. They try to intercept and control the oil so it doesnt reach land. Skimmers are like vacuums an they are placed inside the boom to scoop up the oil. To minimize the destructive effect on the enviorment, oil spills should be cleaned up as fast as possible. The more time they have can let oil sink to the bottom which will make it much harder to clean.

The __solubility__ of a solute is the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent or quantity of solution at a specified temperature. __The rate of dissolution__ is a measure of how fast a substance dissolves.

When the __temperature__ increases, the rate of dissolution and solubility both increase. When the solution is __stirred__, it brings fresh portions of the solvent in contact with the solute so the rate of dissolution increases. Stirring does not have an affect on solubility. As the __surface area__ of a substance increases, the rate of dissolving increases too. The substance's solubility is also higher. The substance is more spread out so there is more contact with the air and so its easier to dissolve.

Wiki Assignment #4- Wonderful Water

1. Specific heat: Water has a high specific heat compared to other molecules. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance. 4.22KJ/kg 2. Boiling Point: 100 degrees C at 1 atm- it is a very high boiling point compared with other molecules.boiling point: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere on the liquid 3. Water is found in three forms which are solid, liquid, and gas and water is the only substance that has this property 4.surface tension: Water has a high surface tension compared to other molecules. It is 73 dynes/cm (20 degrees C) Surface tension is what causes the surface portion of liquid to be attracted to another surface, such as that of another portion of liquid 5.heat conductivity: 0.06 Wm-1 K-1. It is high compared to other molecules except for mercury. heat conductivity is the transfer of thermal energy from neighboring molecules due to a change in temperature. The heat conduction take place from the higher temperature to the lower temperature.

[|www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0861882.html], February 21, 2010 [|www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8a.html], February 21, 2010 [|www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html], February 21, 2010 [|ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterproperties.html], February 21, 2010 [|www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html], February 21, 2010 [|www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/physical_properties_of_water.htm], February 21, 2010

Wiki Assignment #3-Global Warming

Certain gasses allow light to get into our atmosphere. Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Argon Some are more taken into greenhouse gasses like Nitrogen. The molecules obsorb radiation energy temporarily and then re-emit it back to the atmosphere. Some reflect it back. This action helps keep the earth warm. Whether they do so depends how how concentrated they are and how they shift and bend. The shifting charges occur at different frequencies. Only a small percentage of the greenhouse gasses are good absorbers of the readiation eneregy.

1. The consequences of this warming is distastous. 2. This warming is the result of anthrogenenic greenhouse gas omissons.


 * Wiki Assignment #2-Ideal Gases**

[|Boyle's Law Experiment] Boyle's Law states that If the pressure of a gas increases, then the volume of the gas decreases. In this experiment, a balloon was placed in a jar that was connected to a vaccum. When they decreased the pressure in the jar, the volume increased which made the balloon bigger. When the ballon got smaller, the pressure increased because there was less space in the balloon for the gas particles to move around. This causes the gas particles to bump into the walls of the balloon more that they had when there was less pressure.

[|Charles's Law Experiment] In Charles's Law, when the temperature increases the volume also increases. When the temperature decrease the volume also decreases. In this experiment, liquid nitrogen is being poured onto a bolloon. The liquid nitrogen is very cold and when poured onto the ballon, it causes the ballons volume to decrease. When you hold the balloon into room temperature again the volume increases. The room temperature was warmer than the liquid nitrogen and because the temperature was increasing the volume also increased.

[|Gay-Lussac's Law Experiment] Gay-Lussac's Law states that when the temperature of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas also increases. In this experiment a bottle was put in a microwave. When the bottle was heated, the temperature increased and so did the pressure causing the bottle to explode. When the bottle was heated, there were more gas particles hitting the sides of the bottle. This caused an unequal balance of pressure on the outside and inside of the bottle ultimately causing the bottle to explaode.


 * Wiki Assignment #1-TED Talk**

[|Optical Illusions show how we see]

I choose this video because in math this year we learned a little about optical illusions. I thought the subject was interesting and wanted to gain a more in depth understanding of optical illusions.

In this talk Beau Lotto shows an audience numerous optical illusions. He explains that color allows us to see the similarities and differences between things. Beau says that seeing color is the simplist thing that the brain does, and the context in which you see the object is everything. You see the colors/light because of the color of the object, color of illumination, and also the space between you and the object. If you change these things, you change the color your eye sees. Beau say that the light that falls onto the eye is meaningless, its what we do with it that matters. The brain will put the things we see in a way that will be useful to us. He explains motion is the same as color. If you spin something and see it going one way and then you blink and see it going the other way, its because both ways seem likely to you so they both seem true. He says that the brain didn't evolve to see the world the way it is, it evolved to see it the way it was useful in the past. Lastly, Beau says to celebrate this uncertainity because it is the potential for understanding.

The first optical illusion Beau shows he asks the audience which color of the three dots is the same. The audience is split pretty equally three ways. It's fascinationg how three people can look at the same thing and see three different things. By watching this video I learned a lot about optical illusions. I learned why we see them and why some people see the same thing differently. It was a very interesting video and I thought that he performed his talk in an exceptional and enjoyable manner.