Taylor+S

Assignment 10: Biomolecules
-** Made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxegyn.
 * Carbohydrates
 * -** They are the most common source of energy in living organisms.
 * -** Bread and pasta are good sources of carbs.

-** Made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, also contain amino acids.
 * Proteins
 * -** Proteins are antibodies and enzymes and also help build muscle.
 * -** Protein is found in meat and eggs.

-** Made up of either alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon or 3 fatty acids joined by sythesis. **-** Lipids store energy in the body.
 * Lipids
 * -** Examples are waxes and steriods.

-** Made up of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules bonded together.
 * Nucleic Acids
 * -** Nucleic acids carry genetic information and determine a person's genes.
 * -** DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids.

Assignment 9: Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs. Weak

 * 1.** A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute dissolved. There is more solute then solvent in a concentrated solution. A dilute solution has a small amount of solute dissolved. There is more solvent than solute in a dilute solution. For example, strong coffee would be a concentrated solution and weak coffee would be a dilute solution.


 * 2.** A strong acid is one that completely reacts or dissociates in water. The conjugate base is weak and will not accept protons from the conjugate acid so the forward reaction dominates. The 6 strong acids are: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HBr, HI and HClO4. A weak acid is one that reacts partially with water and the reverse reaction dominates. The conjugate base is strong and is willing to accept protons from the conjugate acid.



Assignment 8: Equilibrium

 * 1.** Once a chemical system has reached equilibrium, the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time. This is because equilibrium is a dynamic state and the forward and reverse reactions are equal. There are no more reactants or products being added. The constancy of the concentrations does not contradict our picture of equilibrium as being dynamic because there is no visible, net change. The forward and reverse reactions are still happening but they are at the same rate. This allows them to still be dynamic.


 * 2.** The equilibrium expression is the ratio of concentration of products over concentration of reactants at equilibrium. Here is a generic example:

K = [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b**
 * aA + bB** **⇌** **cC + dD

H2(g) + F2(g) ⇌ 2HF(g) K = [HF]2 / [F2] [H2]

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) K = [NH3]2 / [H2]3 [N2]

2NBr3(g) ⇌ N2(g) + 3Br2(g) K = [Br2]3 [N2] / [NBr3]2

K = [NO]2 / [N2] [O2]  **       CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g) K = [CO2]
 * 3. Homogeneous**
 * N2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g)
 * Heterogeneous**

Assignment 6: Reaction Rates
In this video, the chemist makes Elephant Toothpaste using hydrogen peroxide, sodium iodide and a little dish soap. He starts out by using 3% hydrogen peroxide and then uses 30% hydrogen peroxide. The experiment using only 3% was much slower then the one using 30%. This is because the higher the concentration, the faster the reaction rate. The hydrogen peroxide at 30% is more concentrated and has many more particles which means there are more collisions making the reaction happen faster. Collision theory states that particles must collide in order for a reaction to occur and when a solution is more concentrated, many particles are colliding.
 * Concentration

Temperature In this video, the chemist uses glow sticks to show how temperature affects reaction rates. He puts one glow stick in hot water, one in ice water and leaves the third at room temperature. After awhile the glow stick in the hot water is much brighter, the glow stick in the ice water is very dim and the one at room temperature is at the same brightness it started at. The glow stick in the hot water is brighter than the others because it has a higher temperature. Temperature is a measure of kinetic energy so the higher the temperature, the higher the molecular speeds, the more high-energy collisions, the more bonds are broken and the faster the reaction is. Collision theory states high-energy, bond breaking collisions must occur in order for a reaction to take place, in this case the glow sticks lighting up.

Catalysts A catalyst is a substance that increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy. In this video the catalyst is manganese (IV) oxide. They started with hydrogen peroxide and as soon as they added the manganese (IV) oxide a large amount of water vapor and oxygen came out of the flask. The manganese (IV) oxide lowered the activation energy of the hydrogen peroxide which makes it easier for collisions to occur and break the bonds needed for the reaction to occur. Collision theory states bond breaking collisions must occur in order for a reaction to take place. **


 * Surface Area**
 * A simple example of how surface area affects the reaction rate is sugar dissolving in water. A sugar cube will take longer to dissolve then normal granulated sugar because it has a smaller surface area. The larger the surface area is, the more particles there are exposed to collisions. Which means there will be more collisions and a faster reaction rate. This is why granulated sugar dissolves faster than a sugar cube. Collision theory states that particles must collide in order for a reaction to occur and when there is a large surface area, many particles are colliding. **

[|Concentration] [|Temperature] [|Catalysts]

Assignment 5: Investigating Solubility and Immiscibility
When an oil spill occurs, the oil floats on the water and spreads out, destroying ocean life and ruining shorelines. Many times the oil spill is cleaned up using booms and collecting the oil from the surface by using skimmer equipment. The booms, typically inflatable and buoyant, are used to prevent the oil from spreading and to keep it in one spot. By restricting the oil to the original spot and not letting it spread to other areas ocean life and shorelines are saved. The skimmers then float across the top of the oil and suck it up onto a storage container on a boat. There are also other techniques such as using sorbents or burning the oil. **
 * Immiscibility

The solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent. The rate of dissolution is the rate or speed at which a substance breaks down.
 * Solubility vs. Rate of Dissolution**

- Solubility: increases in solids, decreases in liquids and gasses - Rate of Dissolution: increases - Solubility: no effect - Rate of Dissolution: increases - Solubility: no effect - Rate of Dissolution: increases
 * Increasing Temperature:**
 * Stirring:**
 * Surface Area:**

Assignment 4: Wonderful Water
[|Physical Geography: Water] [|Physical Properties of Water] [|Chemistry Explained: Water]

- The **specific** **heat** of water is 4180 J Kg-1 K-1. This is high compared to other molecules. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance. Water can absorb large amounts of heat energy before it gets hot because it has a high specific heat. - The **boiling** **point** of water is relatively high, it is 100 degrees Celsius at 1 atm. Boiling point is the temperature at which a substance boils. - The **surface** **tension** of water is 73 dynes/cm at 20 degrees Celsius which is high compared to other molecules. Surface tension is what causes a liquid to be attracted to another surface. Water tends to gather in drops rather than spread out evenly over a surface. - Water is the only molecule that exists in all 3 **physical** **states** **of** **matter**. The physical states of matter are liquid, solid and gas. - The **heat** **conductivity** of water is 0.06 Wm-1 K-1. This is also high compared to other molecules except mercury. Heat conductivity is the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a substance to try and balance out temperature differences.

Assignment 3: Global Warming?
Many scientists believe the Greenhouse effect is the cause of global warming. The Greenhouse effect is when waves of radiant energy pass through the atmosphere and hit the earth, much of it is absorbed and as a result the surface gets hotter. Then the earth emits infared radiant energy. Greenhouse gases contain more than 2 atoms and their molecules stretch, bend and wiggle in ways that absorb and re-emit the infared energy. The energy that is re-emitted is often sent back to earth and it traps heat in earth's atmosphere.

- As a result of global warming, glaciers at the earth's poles could melt and cause the sea level to rise. - Hurricanes, droughts and other natural disasters could become more common due to global warming. - Pollution and deforestation are contributing factors to global warming.

Assignment 2: Ideal Gases in the Real World
Here's a video that show the 3 gas laws: [|Chemistry Laws]


 * Charles's** **Law** states that with an increase of temperature, the volume will increase. If the temperature decreases then the volume decreases. An example of this is if you stick a balloon in a beaker of ice cold water and another balloon, of equal volume, in a beaker of hot water. The balloon that is stuck in the ice cold water becomes smaller and the balloon that is stuck in the hot water becomes larger. As the temperature of the first balloon was decreased the volume decreased and as the second balloon's temperature was increased the volume was increased.


 * Boyle's** **Law** states that as the volume increases the pressure decreases and if the volume decreases the pressure increases. An example of this is a scuba diver. As a diver goes deeper in the ocean, the pressure increases so the volume of the diver's lungs decreases. When the diver comes up the pressure begins to decrease and the volume of their lungs increases. As the gas particles collide with the walls of the container pressure is created. As the pressure increases, there are more collisions and as the pressure decreases there are less collisions.


 * Gay**-**Lussac's** **Law** states that as the temperature decreases the pressure decreases and vice versa. An example of this is if you take a pop can with a small amount of water in it and heat the water to a boil. Once water vapor begins to exit the can, place it in cold water and it will immediately be sucked in and crushed. This happens because as the temperature decreased the pressure decreased. The pressure was less than the pressure on the outside of the can so it was crushed inward. As the pressure began to decrease, there were less gas particles colliding with the walls of the container.

Assignment 1: TED Talk
[|Rachel Armstrong: Architecture That Repairs Itself?]

I chose this TED talk because I think architecture is interesting. I like that there are so many different types of architecture throughout history and across the world. Another reason I chose this talk is because I never thought of architecture being related to science. The idea of buildings being able to repair themselves seems unreal. It seemed like an interesting topic to learn more about.

Rachel Armstrong believes we need to come up with a more sustainable type of architecture. Today's architecture provides us with only a one way transfer of energy for the environment to our cities. To make our architecture and cities sustainable Armstrong believes we should be using metabolic materials. However, metabolic materials do not exist so Armstrong is partnering up with architect, Neil Spiller and chemist, Martin Hanczyc. Through a system called the Protocell, Hanczyc, takes a fatty little bag that has a chemical battery and the bag is able to function as living. The protocell has no DNA but it is able to move around and undergo chemical reactions. They are able to have the protocell extract carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and turn it into carbonate. They are trying to use the technology of protocells to create bottom-up construction approaches for architecture. Bottom-up materials do exist today, one example is limestone. It is possible to extract carbon dioxide from the limestone and give it new properties. The limestone will be able to grow, repair itself and even respond to changes in the environment. With the idea of a bottom-up construction approach using limestone, we could restore the sinking city of Venice, Italy by growing a limestone reef. Using these protocell ideas, we could build the limestone reef around the foundations of Venice basically petrifying it. This technology could be useful in many other places as well.

This TED talk on architecture being able to repair itself amazed me. I have never heard of metabolic materials before and it was interesting to learn about the possibilities of these materials growing and rebuilding themselves. One idea that stood out to me was the fact that protocells are just a fatty little bag with a chemical battery, yet they are able to act as living. I think it's great that chemists and architects are looking for creative new ways to preserve the history of old cities and buildings. I hope this technology will be successful.