Beth+K

=__Wiki Assignment #1- TED Talk Wiki Assignment #2- Gas Law__ Example 1: Charles' Law= =Charles' Law states that as the tempurature increases, so does the volume. Let's say that you inflate a basketball during the summer so you can play a game with your friends. After the game you leave the ball in your unheated garage and do not pull it out until January. When you pull the ball out you find out that the ball is practically flat. This happened because as the tempurature decreased, so did the average kinetice energy. In order to maintain a constant pressure, the volume must also decrease. This occured in the basketball and therefore represents Charles' Law.= =Example 2: Gay- Lussac's Law= =Gay- Lussac's Law states that as the tempurature increases so does the pressure. You put one liter of water into a pot and put the lid tightly on to bring to water to a boil. When the water beginngs to boil the lid starts to raddle and lift off of the pot. This happens because the tempurature is increasing therefore increasing the average kinetic energy. When the kinetic energy increases, it means that the particles are moving faster and colliding with the sides of the container more often which increases the pressure. The lid on the pot raddled because the pressure had raised to the point at which the pressure became to much and started to push the lid off the pot.= =Example 3: Boyle's Law= =Boyle's Law states that as the volume increases the pressure must decrease. The oppisite is also true. If you step on a balloon you decrease the volume and increase the pressure. If you push down on the balloon too hard it will pop. As the volume decreases the particles within the balloon begin to collide with the walls of the balloon more often. This increases the pressure and when the pressure gets to a certain point the balloon pops because they can not handle the pressure created by the collisions of the particles. As you fill a balloon with air, the volume increase but the pressure decreases. This happens because there is more space for the particles to move around in so the particles collide with the sides less therefore decreasing the pressure.=

=
I have heard that global warming is not real. A volcano errupted in 1989 releasing more greenhouse gases than humans have produced in their existance. The Earth is constantly changing tempurature patterns. Humans account for less than 2% of all greenhouse gases emitted. For every scientist that says global warming is real their is one who says other wise. Cattle and bision give off more greenhouse gases than humans do.
 * __Wiki assignment # 3__** The greenhouse effect is caused by infarred radiation emitted by the sun.The IR bounces off the surface of the Earth and back into the atmosphere. Greenhouse molecules like water and carbon dioxide absorb the infarred raditation. These molecules bend and stretch because they vibrate, all molecules do. When the greenhouse gas molecules bend and stretch, the absorb and reemit the radiation back to Earth, keeping the heat inside the atmosphere and warm the surface.======

1.The specific heat of water is unusally high. It is 4.186 joules/ gram degree celcius. Specific heat is the amount of energy neede to change the tempurature of the substance. Because of the high specific heat, it helps animals living on Earth to regulate our body tempuratures more easily. 2.In a pure state, water has a nuetral pH level. This is different from other molecules because most other molecules either have a high or low pH causing them to be either bases or acids. The pH is the measure of hydrogen ions concentration or the acidity of the substance. 3.Water conducts heat more easily than any other molecule except mercury. This varies from all other molecules because it can conduct heat better and more evenly than all molecules besides mercury. This causes large bodies of water like oceans to have relatively the same tempurature as you go deeper into the ocean. 4.Water has a surface tension that is higher than a lot of other molecules. This means that water will stick together and form droplets on a surface instead of running off. The high surface tension is what causes water to "bead up" on vertical buildings after a rain storm. 5.Water molecules are the only molecules that can exist in all three states of matter- liquid, gas, and solid. Inorder to change state, the molecules exchange a lot of heat.
 * __Wiki Assignment #4__**
 * All of my information was found at the website []

1. Oil spills in the environment are cleaned up a few different ways. Because oil and water do not mix, clean up crews sometimes skim the surface of the water to pick up the oil using boats that either suck or scoop it up. They may also use sorbents, which are large sponges that soak up the oil out of the water. If the spill is not close to the coast, crews might also light the oil on fire to get rid of it. They only do this far away from the coast because it produces toxic fumes. Long, floating booms and skirts that sit just below the water contain the oil in order to minimize the effects that the oil has on the surrounding area by containing it. 2.**Solubility** is the maximum amount of solute that may be dissolved in solvent. For solid solutes, usually as the tempurature rises, so does the solubility. For all gases, as the tempurature rises, the solubility decreases. When you stir a solution, it has very little affect on the solubity but does affect the rate of dissolving. As the surface area increases, so does the solubility because there is more places at which the reactions can occur. [] Solubility and the rate of dissolution are related because the rate of dissolution whether high or low, will affect how high the solubility is.
 * __Wiki Assignment #5__**
 * information found at []
 * Rate of dissolution** is the rate at which a solute dissolves in a solvent. As the tempurature increases, so does that rate of dissolution. Stirring will also increase this rate because more molecules will come in contact with the solven more quickly. An increase in surface area of the solute will also increase it because the solvent hits the molecules faster.

1. Concentration- An example of how concentration affects reaction rates is soap concentration in dish soap. If you use a more concentrated dish soap in the same amount of water you usually use to do dishes, bubbles will form more quickly than a less concentrated soap. This is true because there are more soap molecules to collide with water molecules, causing the reaction between the two to occur more quickly. This is also supported by the collision theory because the soap molecules in the more concentrated solution have the same amount of energy that the molecules in the less saturated solution. But, there are more of the molecules which increases the rate of reaction. 2.Tempurature- An example of how tempurature affects reaction rates is an internal combustion engine like that you would find in most cars. In the piston the fuel mixes with oxygen and reacts due to a spark created by the spark plug. The piston increase pressure which also increases tempuration due to Gay- Lussac's law. Even without the spark plug, a reaction occurs regardless of the fact that it is a very small one that is not powerful enough to move the car. But, when the spark ignites the solution, increasing the tempurature an explosive reaction occurs that keeps our cars moving. This is supported by collision theory because an increase in tempurature corresponds with and increase in energy. With more energy, more bonds are broken causing more of a reaction. Also, the molecules are moving faster colliding with echother more often increasing the reaction rate. 3. Catalysis- An example of how catalysis affects reaction rates is cooking pasta in water. Normally, cooking pasta in water will take a while. But if you add salt to the water, it increases the water's boiling point, making the water get to a higher tempurature before it will boil. When the water is hotter, the pasta will cook faster. The salt is not absorbed by the water because you can boil off the water and have salt in crystalized for again. This is supported by the collision theory because the salt makes the water get hotter before it will boil. With an increase in tempurature there is an increase in energy and with the increase in energy more bonds are broken, increasing the rate at which the reaction in this case cooking process occurs. 4.Surface Area- An example of how surface area affects reaction rates is the reaction between baking soda and vinegar. If baking soda is clumpped together in a pile and vinegar is added, it will take longer for all of the baking soda to react with the vinegar because it takes longer for the vinegar molecules to reach all of the baking soda.. But if the baking soda is spread out in the dish in a thin layer, it will react more quickly when the vinegar is added. This is because when the baking soda is in a thin layer, more of the molecules are exposed to the vinegar and comes in contact with it sooner therefore reacting in a shorter period of time. Collision theory supports this because in order for the reaction to occur the molecules must collide and when the baking soda is spread out, the vinegar molecules collide with those of the baking soda sooner, increasing the reaction rate.
 * __Wiki Assignment#6__**

An example of an equilibrium system would be the relationship between a gas pedal in a car and the rate at which the wheels spin.The more pressure you apply to the pedal, the greater the increase in the rate at which the wheels spin. This is related to a chemical equilibrium system because in a chemical equilibrium whem the concentration of products or reactants is changed, the product or reactant concentrations will change inorder to stay at the equilibrium state. There is no net change. In the example of the car and gas pedal, the reactants are the gas pedal and speed of the wheels and the product is the speed of the car. When more pressure is applied to the pedal the wheels will spin faster inoreder to travel at the speed that corresponds with the rate of the wheels. The ratio of pedal pressure/ repetions of the wheels per minute to the speed of the car is constant. Therefore maintaining this ratio is an example of an equilibrium because there is no net change in the previously stated ratio.
 * __Wiki Assignment #7__**

1. Once a chemical reaction has reached equilibrium the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant because equilibrium is when the rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. The rates of both reactions can only be equal when the products and reactants are at a certain concentration. These concentrations also keeps the reactions happening. Therefore the conscentrations stay constant inorder to keep the reactions going. Because the forward and reverse reactions continue, the system is dynamic due to the constant reactions occuring. 2. To write an equilibrium expression, begin with a balanced equation. Place all of the products in the reaction in the numerator and all of the reactants in the demoninator. Place brackets around each substances. Whenever more than one substance appears on either the numerator or denominator, mulitply the brackets together. The brackets represent the concentration in molarity of the substance. Raise each set of brackets to the coefficent it has in the balanced equation. In the expression only use substances that are in the gas or aqueous states because these are the only states of matter that can maintain equilibrium. = will represent the duble arrow used to show equilibrium. Ex1: 2NO2(g) = N2O4(g) Equil. Expression: K=[NO2]2 / [N2O4] Ex 2: N2(g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) Equil. Expression: K= [NH3]2 / [N2][H2]3 Ex 3: H2 + F2 = 2HF Equil. Expression: K= [HF]2** / ** [H2] [F2] 3.Homogeneous Equilibria: Ex. 2FeCl2(aq) = Fe2(aq) + 2Cl(aq) Equil. Expression: K= [Fe2] [Cl]2 / [FeCl2]2 Heterogeneous Equlibria: Ex1. Hg2Cl2 (s) = Hg22+ (aq) +2Cl- (aq) Equil. Expression: K= [Hg22+] [Cl-]2 Ex2. FeOH2(s) = Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Equil. Expression: K= [Fe2+] [OH-]2
 * __Wiki assignment #8__**

1. In a concentrated solution, the number of molecules is much greater in a normal volume of a solution. A dilute solution is the opposite. In a diluted solution, the number of particles is much smaller in a normal volume of a solution. If there is 10mL each of a concentrated and diluted solution, the concentrated solution will have more molecules in the solution than the diluted solution. 2. A strong acid has the ability to react completely in a reaction with water meaning it completely splits into ions. If the acid is a strong acid it also means that the forward reaction will dominate. Its conjugate base will be relatively weak. A weak acid will not react completely with water. If the acid is weak, the reverse reaction is dominant. The conjugate acid will be relatively strong. 3. see email
 * __Wiki Assignment #9__**

1.Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In the human body, they store energy that is released when the bonds are broken as the body breaks them down. Examples of carbohydrates are glucose, fructos, and starch (like what is found in potatoes). 2.Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements known as amino acids. Proteins can act as catylsts, structural materials, binding materials, and carriers that send proteins all throughout the body. Examples of proteins are collagen and hemoglobin. 3.Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but differ from carbohydrates because they are mainly fats and contain single bonds between the carbons. They are used for structuring membranes, protecting the body from drying out, insolation from the cold, and storing concentrated energy. Examples of these are neutral fats and cholesterol. 4.Nulceic acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, a form of sugar and a phosphate. They work as transmitters for genetic information in the human body. Two examples of this are DNA and RNA.
 * __Wiki Assignment #10__**