Joseph+S

Assignment May 22 1. What is the molecule made of? 2. What is/are the function(s) of the molecule? (What do they do in the body?) 3. What are 2 examples of the biomolecule group?

The groups are: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids Assignment May 2 Answer the following questions about equilibrium 1. Explain why, once a chemical system has reached equilibrium, the concentrations of all reacts and products remain constant with time. Why does this constancy of concentration not contradict our picture of equilibrium as being dynamic? 2. Describe how we write the equilibrium expression for a reaction. Give three examples of balanced chemical equations and the corresponding expressions for their equilibrium constants. 3. Give balanced chemical equations and write the corresponding equilibrium constant expressions for examples of both homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria.

Assignment April 18 1. When a system reaches equilibrium the rate at which reactants change to products and products change back to reactants is the same. Equilibrium looks as though the amount of products and reactants stays constant which would lead a person to believe that the reaction could not be dinamic when it infact is. In a system that has reached equilibrium the reactants are changing into products and products are changing into reactants which is dynamic but because they are doing it at the same rate the total concentrations never change. 2. Equilibrium expression is a ratio of product over reactants. Example 1: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) (arrow) 2NH3 (g) expression K= [NH3]2 / [N2] [H2]3 Example 2: I2 (g) + H2 (g) (arrow) 2HI (g) expression K= [HI]2 / [I2] [H2] Example 3: H2 (g) + F2 (g) (arrow) 2HF (g) expression K= [HF]2 / [H2] [F2] 3. Examples below Homogeneous- aA (g) + bB (g) (arrow) cC (g) expression K= [C]c / [A]a [B]b Heterogeneous- aA (g) + bB (s) (arrow) cC (g) + dD (s) expression K= [C]c / [A]a Assignment April 4

Come up with your own example of an equilibrium system and relate it to chemical equilibrium. Make sure to thoroughly explain how your example matches with chemical equilibrium.

An example of equilibrium is population in a closed system. As people naturally die people naturally are born and there is a constant number of people. Chemical equilibrium is when the concentrations of the products and reactants remain constant. Population is related to this because the number of people who die is constant and the number of people born is constant just as the amount of a reactant and product in a chemical reaction stay constant. For example if chemical A was at a specific concentration and was blue and Chemical B was at a specific concentration and was red when they reacted they would create purple and once they both evened out they would reach equilibrium. Just as if the number of people born were dominated for a while they would eventually become the people dieing and there would be a ballance or equilibrium once the number born and number dieing was happening at the same rate and the "concentration" of births and deaths was constant.

Assignment March 28

Find an example demonstrating how each of the following affects the reaction rate and explain the effect using collision theory: Concentration Temperature Catalyst Surface Area You many NOT use any of the examples we talked about in class. Videos or written descriptions are fine to use, but make sure to cite where you find your information.

**Concentration**- An example of concentration affecting reaction rate is in the experiment titled elephant toothpaste. In this experiment sodium iodide is mixed with hydrogen peroxide soap solution which produces bubbles of oxygen that are visible because of the dish soap in the solution. When this experiment is done with 3% hydrogen peroxide the reaction rate is very slow and drawn out because there are less collisions and therefore a lower rate. In the experiment with 30% hydrogen peroxide the reaction rate is much faster because there are more collisions. [|Concentration]


 * Temperature**- An example of Temperature affecting reaction rate is in the glow stick experiment. In this experiment glow sticks of the same color and roughly the same intensity are placed in three different temperature beakers, hot, cold, and room temperature. The glow stick in the hot water has high temperatures so the molecular speeds are faster and there are more high energy collisions that increase the reaction rate. In the room temperature the glow stick will stay at the same intensity because there is no change in the molecular temperature. The glow stick in the cold water will have a lower temperature and therefore lower energy collisions that are slower so the reaction rate will be lower and the light will be less intense. [|Temperature]


 * Catalyst-** An example of a catalyst affecting reaction rate is using a cooler in the summer to cool drinks. This reaction where the ice melts and by doing so removes heat from the drinks can be sped up. By adding salt to the ice it decreases the activation energy that it takes for the ice to melt and there fore the drinks can begin cooling more quickly. The catalyst in this situation is the salt which decreases the activation energy and decreasing the bonds between the particles allowing for the rate of the reaction to decrease


 * Surface Area-** An example of surface area affecting reaction rate is lighting newspaper with a match. When trying to laght a flat piece of paper there is only on surface so the reaction will be slow and not very successful. If the news paper were crumpled ino a loose ball the flame can reach many different surfaces at once and the paper will light more successfully. The increase in surface area will increase the rate of reaction between the flame and the paper.

Assignment March 7

​ 1.**__Immiscibility__** is when two liquids will not mix with each other. One potential danger when this happens is when there is an oil spill on the ocean. When an oil spill occurs, the oil floats on the water and spreads out, destroying ocean life and ruining shorelines. What is done to clean up oil spills and minimize their destructive effects on the environment?

2. **Solubility versus Rate of Dissolution** Perhaps it is because both solubility and rate of dissolution are affected by temperature, but confusion often exists about the difference between these two concepts and the effects that temperature, stirring, and surface area have on them. -Define Solubility and Rate of Dissolution -Explain how temperature, stirring, and surface area affect each concept.

1. [] There are four main ways oil spills are treated. First depending on the environment and amount and type of oil the spill may be left alone to disperse and break down naturally. This is not a reliable method with heavier oils with lighter oils in nonthreatend areas this can be a successful treatment. A more widely known method is containing the oil spill with booms and then using skimmer equipment to remove the oil from the surface of the water. This is successful in keeping oil spills away from shore lines though in large storms or with high winds this process is less useful. A third process is of chemicals called dispersants. These are used to speed up the natural biodegration process of the oil. This works by decreasing the surface tension between water and oil that prevent them from mixing. This way water molecules can separate the oil into smaller droplets that will promote rapid dilution of the oil and cause less environmental problems. Dispersants may cause problems with plant life in the waters so decisions on the vulnerability of the area are on a case to case basis. The fourth way oil spills are treated is by introducing biological agents to the oil that helps to break it down into harmless substances. This method is most often used on spills that have already washed up on shore.

2. [] Solubility- The amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. Stirring will not change the amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvant but the temperature will. If the temperature is increased the space between the molecules is greater so there is more solute that can dissolve. Temp increases solubility in most solutions other than some gasses mixing with liquids where it will infact decrease solubility Surface area also will not effect the solubility of a substance. Rate of Dissolution- The measure of how fast a solute dissolves in a solvant. Stirring increases the rate of diffusion at room temperature. In the case of sugar water when a layer of sugar is just sitting at the bottom of a container the only part of the sugar that is disolving into the water is the top layer. By mixing it there is more surface area where the water can diffuse and disolve the sugar. By heating up the solution the molecules are moving much faster and are further apart which allows them to break down the solute more quickly.

Assignment February 21 1. Research and list 5 physical properties of water AND list if that property is unusually high, low, or similar to other molecules. (only one of your properties can be melting or boiling point) 2. Define each property you list. 3. Cite where you find your information

Physical Properties Molar Mass- 18.05g/mol (the mass of one mole of a substance) [] The molar mass of water is lower than most of the different compounds

Molar volume- 55.5mol/L (the volume occupied by one mole of a substance) [] The molar volume of water is very high compared to other compounds

Freezing point- 0 degrees C at atm (temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid) [] the freezing point of water is low compared to other compounds and elements

Density- 1g/ml (how much mass is contained in a given unit of volume) [] density of water is on the mid to low range of the scale

Assignment February 14 1. Read the following article related to the science behind the greenhouse effect: Life in a Greenhouse.pdf(From ChemMatters Magazine, October 2003. Published by the American Chemical Society and available on-line at www.chemistry.org/education/chemmatters.html) 2. Explain (on the atomic level) how the greenhouse effect works. 3. List any statements or opinions you have heard about the global warming debate that may or may not be scientifically accurate. (Need at least 2). You could list what you've heard about the potential hazards of global warming, why people say global warming is not happening, or anything else related to this topic. We will examine these statements in class on Wednesday, Feb 17.

2. Molecules in the atmosphere are absorbing and then emitting heat and keep the earth at a regular temperature. This process keeps the earth at a comfortable temperature but when humans emmit other gasses or more gasses into the atmosphere than what were naturally occurring the temperature that is being mantained will increase because more gasses are abosorbing the heat and emmitting it back to earth. 3. I have heard that humans are having less effect on the global temperature than people are saying and that volcanoes emmit more CO2 in one erruption than humans have ever emmitted. I have also heard that the CO2 in the atmosphere is more now than in all of earths history.

Assignment February 2 In this assignment, your task is to find three examples of the gas laws in the real world. Your examples could be video clips, pictures, articles, or simply observations that you make. 1. Find three situations/examples that demonstrates three different gas laws. 2. Either upload, link or embed the examples to your wiki. (Cite where you got your pictures, unless you took the picture) 3. Using 2-4 sentences, explain how what you chose demonstrates a gas law -Use the kinetic molecular theory to help your explanation

1. [] 2. [] 3. []

1. Hot Air Balloon- This is an example of Charles law that states that initial volume over initial temperature equals final volume over final temperature. As the temperature in the balloon increases because of the heat source the balloon begins to inflate and the volume increases. 2. Empty Syringe- This is an example of Boyle’s law which states that initial pressure multiplied by initial volume equals the final pressure times final volume. If the end of the syringe sealed and the plunger is pulled out the volume of the container increases and the particles spread apart. Even though the particles spread apart there is still the same number of particles that were initially in the container so the pressure decreases because they collide with the side of the container less often. 3. Bottle of water vapor in freezer- This is an example of Charles Law because as the Temperature in the bottle decreases the volume in the bottle will also have to decrease because the two are directly proportional. When the bottle is placed in the freezer the bottle will shrink because the pressure in the bottle needs to stay constant with the outside pressure and the pressure outside of the bottle is greater than that inside the bottle thus crushing it.

1Assignment January 31 [|Jane Goodall]

-Why you chose that talk -Brief synopsis of the talk -Your reaction to the talk/what you learned

I chose this discussion because I have always been inorested in what is occuring in conservation efforts around the world. I have also always enjoyed listening to Jane Goodall because of the great care and compassion she has toward the world and everything on it. Jane spoke about how humans and animals (specifically apes) are not as different as we think. Jane explains how the biggest difference between humans and apes is that we have a complex language system. She talked about the impacts deforestation, polution, and over hunting are having on animals, but someting that we don't hear about nearly as often is how it is effecting us. Deforestation is destroying the homes of many people who have lived in the forests for many years. Polution is causing diseases that even fifty years ago didn't even exist. For example we have fifty more non organic chemicals in our bodies now, certain types of cancer, and asthma are all example of what a poluted society have done to us. Over hunting is causing great poverty in communities that depend on the forest for the food they need. There are now so many people in certain communities that the forest can no longer supply people with food and they are getting sick and even dieing. We as a human race are capable of extraordinary things but if we want to save ouselves and nature from the path that we are moving toward we need to act and use our ability to communicate as the way to save our planet from ourselves. I enjoyed this discussion and understand how important it is for us to conserve our resources on this planet. We as humans often think we are so much more important than the rest of the animals on the world but we as humans also cause more dammage to the world than any other animal. Why is it that the most inteligent species can't figure out a way to live more peacefully with nature?