Katie+H

__Carbohydrates:__ 1. All carbohydrate molecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. A general formula for a carbohydrate is Cm(H2O)n where m and n can change depending on what type of carbohydrate it its. 2. There are several functions of a carbohydrate in the body. This includes providing energy and regulating blood glucose. They also help break down fatty acids and help prevent ketosis. 3. Two types of carbohydrates are monosaccharide (ex. fructose) and disaccaride (ex. lactose). __Proteins:__ 1. Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. It is the nitrogen that gives it the unique qualities that differ from carbohydrates. 2. There are many uses of proteins in the body including the use as a enzyme catalyst. It also plays a big role in movement, being that protein is the major component of a muscle. 3. Two examples of a protein is titin and hemoglobin. __Lipids:__ 1. Like carbohydrates, lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In each lipid, there is a high number of C-H bonds, making them relatively non polar. 2. Lipids have three major uses in our bodies. They include storing energy, forming membranes around cells and hormones and vitamins. 3. Two examples of lipids are triglyceroids and cholesterol. Nucleic Acids: 1. Nucleic acids are made up of sugar and phosphate in an alternating pattern making up a chain. Attached to each sugar molecule there is a molecule called a nucleotide base. On each nucleic acid, there are millions of bases bonded to it. The order in which these bases are bonded are used as a code for the information in each molecule. 2. The main use for nucleic acids is to store and transmitt genetic information and use that information to create more proteins. 3. Two examples are DNA and RNA.
 * Wiki Assignment 10~ Biomolecules**


 * Assignment 9~ Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs. Weak**

__Concentrated vs. Dilute__ A solution is made up of two parts: the solvent and the solute. The ratio of the two in a given solution determines if the solution is concentated or dilute. If there is relatively a large amount of solute in the solution, the solution is said to be concentrated. Opposite of that when a solution contains more solvent than solute, the solution becomes dilute. An example can be used with Kool Aid. The water is th solvent and the colored sugar that is added is the solute. When there is more sugar molecule than water, the drink would be very sugary and therefore concentrated. If there was more water than sugar, it would be dilute, and taste more watery.

__Strong vs. Weak__ With acid solutions, an acid is said to be strong or weak depending on how readily the H+ is donated and the acid is dissociated. A strong acid readily dissociates and completely reacts in water. The foreward reaction dominates the equilibrium. There are six strong acids: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4,HBr, HI and HClO4. On the contrary, a weak acid is one where the H+ is not as readily donated. The original acid is present in the solution and few of the conjugate acids and bases are. The reverse reaction dominates.


 * Wiki Assignment 8~ Equilibrium. Take Two.**

1. When a reaction has reached equilibrium, the concentration of the all the reactants and products stay constant. That does not mean, however, that the reactions stop. At equilibrium, the foreward reaction and the reverse reaction have the same rate. Because of this, the concentration of the products and reactants will not change even though the reaction never stops. That is why the constancy of concentration not contradict the fact that equilibriums are dynamic. The rate of the foreward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, giving the concentration no net change.

2. The goal of writing an equilibrium expression is to find the equilibrium constant: K. K is the ratio of concentration of products over concentration of reactants at equilibrium. However, before we can write an equilibrium expression, we need to have a balanced chemical equation. For example purposes let's use aA + bB <---> cC + dD where capital letters are substances and lowercase letters are the coefficiants. From this balanced equation, we can derive the equilibruim equation: [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b = K. In this equation, [ ] represents molarity and each lowercase number is a power of the capital letter in brackets. ex 1: 2O3 <--->3O2 [O2]3 / [O3]2 =K

ex 2: H2 + F2 <---> 2FH [HF]2 / [H2] [F2] = K

ex 3: N2 + 3H <---> 2NH3 [NH3]2 / [N2] [H]3 = K

3. Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Homogeneous: all the examples aboove are homogeneous equilibria. This means that all the species in the reaction are in same state. In those cases, gas. 2NBr3 (g) <---> N2 (g) + 3Br2 (g) [N2] [Br2]3 / [NBr3]2 = K

Heterogeneous: Equilibrium reaction that includes more than one state. Pure solids and liquids are not included in the wquilibrium expression because thier concentrations are constant. CaCO3 (s) <---> CaO (s) + CO2 (g) [CO2] = K


 * Wiki Assignment 7~ Equilibrium**

In this world, many things are in an equilibrium state. An example of this would be the water on a waterslide. Water is being pumped onto the slide, while at the same time water is flowing off it. These opposing processes are occurring at the same rate and so the amount of water on the slide is the same at any given time. The definition of an equilibrium is the exact balancing of two processes, where one of which is opposite of the other. This is exactly what the water on a water slide does. The water being pumped onto the slide is balanced by the water flowing off it. The amount of water is constant, but the water is always in motion, because of this a waterslide demonstrates an equilibrium system.

[|Concentration and Reaction Rates] This video uses the elephant toothpast demonstration to show how the concentration of the reactants will affect the reation rate. The first time making the paste he 3% Hydrogen Peroxide and sodium Iodide and a little dish soap. The result is a foam that gradually expands. He then does this demonstration again, only this time with 30% Hydrogen Peroxide, keeping everything else the same. This results in the same foam, only it is able to expand much quicker. This is because the higher the concentration is, the more molecules there are which means there will be more collisions. It is with these collisions that the chemical reaction takes place. So the more collisions, the quicker the chemical reaction.
 * Wiki Assignment 6~ Reaction Rates**

[|Temperature and Reaction Rates] In this video, Glow Sticks are used to demonstrate the effect temperature has on reaction rates. There are three glow sticks, each is placed in a separate beaker. One beaker is empty while the other two contain either hot water or cold water. What we see is an increase in brightness in the glow stick in the hot water, and a decrease in brightness in the cold water. The one in the empty beaker stays the same. This happens because the higher the temperature is, the faster the molecules in the glow stick move. The faster the molecules move, the more high energy collisions there are that are able to break bonds, allowing the chemical reaction inside the glow stick to happen faster, making it brighter. The opposite happens in the cold water. The molecular speeds decrease and there are not as many high energy collisions, making the reaction slower. This results in a less bright glow stick.

[|Catalysts and Reaction Rates] This video shows how catalyst can be used in decomposition. In this demonstration, Hydrogen Peroxide is being decomposed by the catalyst sodium iodide. This is actually the same set up as the first video, but last time the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide was changed. This time however, we learn that left alone Hydrogen Peroxide would decompose by itself after a very long time. Adding sodium iodide allows the process to speed up. This is because the Sodium Iodide is a catalyst which means it speeds up the reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

__Surface Area and Reaction Rates__ Surface Area is another variable that affects the rate of reaction. For example, the reaction calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid occurs much quicker when the calium carbonate is in power form rather than rock form. This is because more of the molecules are exposed to collisions, which ultimately increases the reaction rate. Powder calcium carbonate ---> vs. Calcium carbonate in rock form --->

sources:http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/surfacearea.html, pictures from: alibaba.com, cxchuangxin.com

__1. Immiscibility:__ When a oil spill occurs, it is important that something is done to clean up the oil before it affects the wildlife of the water. This is done in several ways. Often, a boom is places around the tanker that is spilling the oil. A boom is able to corral the oil and make sure it does not spread out. Once this is done, boats or water vacuums can come through and collect the oil off the surface of the water. These are called skimmers. Another method used in treating oil spills is chemical dispersants. These chemicals put in the water reacts with the oil and makes it break down so that it is able to desperse more, making it less harmful to the surrounding areas. If the oil spill is still fresh, burning the oil is another option considered. This, however, is not very good for the air. Several different methods are used to clean up oil spills.
 * Wiki Assignment 5~ Immiscibility AND Solubility vs. Rate of Dissolution**

__2. Solubility vs. Dissolution:__ ~//Solubility// is the amount of solut that will dissolve in a specific solvent, under specific conditions. Temperature DOES make a difference with this. For liquids and gases, the higer the temperature, the lower the solubility, however with solids the higher the temperature, the higher the solubility. Surface area and stirring cause no effect on solubility. ~//Rate of dispersion// is the time it takes for a solid to dissolve. An increase in the rate of dispersion will occure with an increase of stirring, increase in temperature AND/OR increase in surface area.

__1. Surface Tension:__ The surface tension of water is unusally high, being at about **73 dynes/cm (20C).** Surface tension is the force between the surface liquid molecules. This force is stronger than the force between inner molecules.
 * Wiki Assignment 4~ Physical properties of water 2/21/10**

__2. Speed of Sound:__ Water's speed of sound is **1480 m/s**, placing it at the higher end compared to other liquids. Speed of sound is just like what it seems. It is how fast sound waves go through the liquid.

__3. Heat Capacity:__ Water has a heat capacity of **4.22 kJ/kg.K**, which makes it unusually high. This is the ration comparing the amount of heat energy taken in, to the temperature increase of the liquid.

__4. Viscosity:__ At **1.002 centipose (20C),** water has a low viscosity. Viscosilty is the amount of resistance a liquid has from flowing. A thicker liquid generally has a higher viscosity, while a thinner liquid is lower.

__5. Boiling Point:__ The boiling point of water is at **100C**, which is around the middle compared to other liquids. The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid is turned into vapor.

Sources: [|www.answers.com], [|www.engineeringtoolbox.com], [|www.ozh2o.com], [|www.csgnetwork.com]

Global warming is something often talked about in on television, in debates and in politics. Most people, however, do not know what is going on at an atomic level. Individual molecules, both greenhouse and non-greenhouse, vibrate, stretch and bend. When the molecule has two same atoms (O2 or N2), the stretching is symetrical, so the positive and negative charges stay evenly distributed. However, a molecule that has more than two atoms have more possibilities on the movement they can do, so the molecule often ends up stretching and bending in odd and unbalenced ways. This can sometimes shift the positive and negative charges too one side of the molecule and then back again. This shifting of the charges happens at a certain frequency. If that frequency matches up with the frequency of the radient energy near by, the molecule will absorb it. The molecule will then re-emit the energy back towards the earth, or in any other direction. Looking at Global Warming though an atomic sense is something most people do not do, so I have heard several misconseptions about Global Warming. The most common one is that Global Warming does not exist. The people who claim this say that its natural for the earth to go through periods of time inwhich the temperature of the earth is high, or low. To support this they give the Ice Age as an example. I have also heard that the earth will be too hot for people to live on by 2050. Many people have strong opinions on Global Warming and what we should do about it, yet many people do not even understand how it works.
 * Wiki Assignment 3~ Global Warming 2/14/10 (aka Valentines Day)**

1.**[|**Aerosol Can Explosion**] This video demonstrates Gay-Lussac's Gas Law which states that as the temperature of a gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas increases. The aerosol can in this video was tossed into the fire, which made the temperature of the gas increase and inturn increased the average kinetic energy of the gas particles. This makes them collide with the walls of the can more often, creating more pressure. Eventually the pressure got to be too great and the can exploded.
 * Wiki Assignment 2~ Ideal Gases in the Real World 2/7/10

In this video, marshmallows were placed into a vacuum. As the pressure inside the vacuum decreased, the volume of the marshmallows increased. This is a prime example of Boyles law, which describes the inverse relationship between volume and pressure.
 * 2.** [|**Marshmallow in a Vacuum**]

Charles's Gas Law says that the the temperature of a gas is, the higher the volume will be. This is demonstrated in the video as a marshmallow was placed inside a microwave. As the microwave heated up the marshmallow, the size of it increased.
 * 3.**[|**Marshmallow in a Microwave**]

[|**TED talk~ Why are we happy?**] I chose this video because it seems as thought most people's goal in life is to be happy, but we all have different ideas on how to achieve that goal. I wanted to see what a psychologists view on this topic was and see if I could incorporate some of his ideas into my life.
 * Wiki Assignment 1~ TED talks 1/31/10**

In this twenty minute presentation, Dan Gilbert talks about how people have the ability to synthesize happiness, yet people often do not understand how to use that to their advantage. He starts out by explaining that human brains have tripled in size throughout evolution and with that we have gained the Prefrontal Cortex. This allows us to simulate experiences before we actually do them, however this is not always accurate. Impact Bias occurs, which means our brain exaggerates the impact an event will have on our life. For example he asked the audience which would make them happier: winning the lottery or becoming paraplegic. Obviously everyone picked winning the lottery but Gilbert showed that through study they have found that after a year, both people are equally happy. Another misconception Gilbert brought up was that the freedom to choose your future gives you happiness. On the contrary, the ability to choose is the “enemy” of synthetic happiness. A study was done on the campus of Harvard where in a photography class the students were able to pick between two photographs one to keep and one to give back. Half the class was told that at anytime within the next week they could come back and switch the pictures if they wished, while the other half was told that their decision was final. The group that had the choice to switch was less satisfied with their decision even after the time they had to swap the pictures. The other group, however, had great satisfaction with their photograph. William Shakespeare once said “’Tis nothing good or bad. But thinking makes it so.” Gilbert says it is not exactly that, but rather our brain’s tendency to over rate the difference of the effect of events. Dan Gilbert left us with this thought “Our longings and our worries are both to some degree overblown because we have within us the capacity to manufacture the commodity we are constantly chasing when we choose to experiences."

I thought that this video was very entertaining and educational. Dan Gilbert did a good job of presenting the material in a way that was understandable to the average person. I also liked how he addressed what we were probably thinking, then showed how that was not quite the case. The tone of the presentation was lighthearted, which made it enjoyable to watch. The material given was also very interesting. The fact that being able to choose ones future decreases ones happiness was something I would have never thought of. Also, I learned that most things that happened three months ago do not affect your happiness now. I enjoyed watching this video and learned some things about happiness along the way. .