Maddie+F

=Biomolecules:=

CARBOHYDRATES - 1. Carbohydrates are made of simple sugars (monosaccharides). These contain many -OH substituents. 2. Carbohydrates serve as food sources and are also structural materials for plants. 3. Fructose and glycogen are two examples of carbohydrates.

PROTEINS - 1. Proteins are made up of amino acids. 2. Proteins make up approximately 15% of our bodies. They provide structural integrity and strength for different tissues. Muscle, hair, and cartilage all consist of proteins. Some move and store oxygen and various nutrients. Others act as catalysts, fight invasions of the body, assist in the body's regulatory systems and help the metabolism. 3. Glysine and glutomine are proteins.

LIPIDS - 1. Lipids are divided into the four groups of fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. Fats and phospholipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Waxes are composed of monohydroxy alcohols. There are four groups of steroids: cholesterol, adrenocorticoid hormones, sex hormones, and bile acids. 2. Lipids serve many purposes including furnishing waterproof coatings on vegetation and animals. They are used in cosmetics, candles, and soap. Lipids can block arteries, assist with regulatory functions, control the growth of reproductive organs, cause changes in menstruation, help digest fats, and control cholesterol levels. 3. Cholic acid and testosterone are two examples of lipids.

NUCLEIC ACIDS - 1. Nucleic acids contain nucleotides, which are each made up of a nitrogen-containing organic base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. 2. The replication of DNA makes the transmission of genetic information possible when cells divide. DNA also helps with protein synthesis. 3. Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are nucleic acids. = = =Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs. Weak= 1. A concentrated solution has a relatively large amount of solute dissolved compared to the amount of solvent. A dilute solution has a relatively large amount of solvent compared to the amount of solute. 2. A strong acid solution is one in which the forward reaction dominates. It has a weak conjugate base and the majority of the reactants react to become products. A weak acid solution is one in which the reverse reaction dominates. It has a relatively strong conjugate base and few (if any) of the reactants stay as products. 3.

= = =Equilibrium 2:= 1. When a chemical system reaches equilibrium, the concentrations of all reactants and products remain the same. This is because the amount of products converting to reactants is the same as the amount of reactants converting to products. The concentrations on either side remain the same even though the system is dynamic.

2. K (the equilibrium constant) = __[The product of the concentrations of the products in the balanced chemical equation raised to their coefficients]__ -- [The product of the concentrations of the reactants in the balanced chemical equation raised to their coefficients] a. NaCl (s) <-> Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) K= [Cl-] [Na+] b. Fe 3+ (aq) + 3OH- (aq) <-> FeOH3 (aq) K= __[FeOH3]__ [Fe 3+] [OH-]^3 c. Ca 2+ (aq) + 2F- (aq) <-> CaF2 (s) K= __1__ [Ca 2+] [F-]^2
 * Products and reactants that are (l) or (s) are not included in the equation.
 * [ ] means the concentration of that product/reactant.

3. Homogeneous: 2NBr3 (g) <-> N2 (g) + 3Br2 (g) [NBr3] = 1.41 x 10^-3 M [N2] = 1.14 x 10^-2 M [Br2] = 0.76 x 10^-3 M

K = __(1.14 x 10^-2)(0.76 x 10^-3)^3__ = 2.5 x 10^-6 (1.41 x 10^-3)^2

Heterogeneous: SO3 (g) + H20 (l) <-> H2SO4 (l) [SO3] = 3.12 x 10^2 M

K = __1__ = 0.00321 (3.12 x 10^2) = = =Equilibrium:= Equilibrium can be explained using a dish prepared by a restaurant. The number of dishes being consumed by customers is equal to the number being cooked by the restaurant's chef. Equilibrium is the exact balancing of two processes. In chemical equilibrium, the amount of reactants converting to products and the amount of products becoming reactants balances out so there is no net change in the system. Both chemical and "food" equilibriums are dynamic. The processes do not stop and they happen at the same rate. The concentration of reactants and products remains the same, as does the amount of dishes present in the restaurant. Equilibrium is only reached in an isolated system. If something were added to a chemical reaction, the change in the amount of reactants or products would disrupt the equilibrium. The same would be true if a customer brought along her own version of the dish being served. There would be a larger amount of dishes present relative to those being eaten.

= = =Reaction Rates:= Concentration: In this video, elephant toothpaste is made by mixing hydrogen peroxide with sodium iodide. The first time they are combined, 3% hydrogen peroxide is used. The reaction occurs over a long period of time. In the second experiment, 30% hydrogen peroxide is used. The reaction occurs much quicker. This is because the 30% hydrogen peroxide has a higher concentration. There are more molecules colliding with the sodium iodide molecules and more reactions are taking place, leading to a higher reaction rate. [|Elephant Toothpaste]

Temperature: in this video, three glowsticks are placed in different glass jars. The first jar is empty, the second jar contains hot water and the third jar has cold water. After a period of time, the glowstick in the hot water is brighter, the glowstick in the cold water is dimmer and the glowstick in the empty jar is the same brightness. This occurs because of the change in temperature. The hot water causes the molecules in the glowstick to move much faster than those of room temperature. They are colliding more with each other and reactions are happening faster. The cold water slows down the molecules in the glowstick. There are less collisions in the same amount of time than those at room temperature and the reactions are happening slower. [|Glowsticks]

Catalysts: In a bakery, yeast is mixed into bread dough to make it rise. Yeast is a catalyst that helps the chemical reactions in bread occur faster so the bread rises in the oven. It lowers the amount of energy needed to make the molecules in bread dough break their chemical bonds. Because a lower energy is required, there is a higher reaction rate. [|Yeast]

Surface area: In this video, a man speaks about a catalyst in a catalytic converter. The catalyst is made of powdered platinum. It is in smaller pieces (powdered form) and covers a larger surface area. This slows down the different pollutants that go through the converter so that they can be taken care of faster and reduces the amount of emissions that come out of the car. The increase in surface area means that more molecules are exposed to collisions. This increases the chances of collisions, leading to a higher reaction rate. [|Car Emissions] (start video around 7:00).

= = =Investigating Immiscibility and Solubility:= 1. There are four ways to clean up oil spills. I. If the oil is not affecting marine life and coastal regions, it may be left to break down naturally. The wind, sun, current, and waves will spread it out and help it evaporate. II. The oil can be contained and collected from the surface of the water. Booms isolate the oil or keep it from spreading to areas it could damage. Skimmers vacuum or scoop up the oil. It is hard to use booms and skinners when it is windy or the water is choppy. III. The oil can break up and biodegrade faster with the help of dispersants. They make it easier for the oil to mix with the water. The oil then separates into droplets. The oil has a smaller surface area and will evaporate and dilute quicker. Dispersants are usually only used a few hours of the oil spill. IV. The oil will biodegrade faster if it is exposed to biological agents. The oil is broken down by bacteria and other microorganisms into substances that are not harmful to the environment. This process is called biodegradation.

2. Solubility is the ability of a solute to to dissolve in a liquid solvent and form a homogenous solution. The Rate of Dissolution is the rate at which a solute dissolves.

Temperature: Heat helps break the bonds holding the molecules of a solid together, increasing the solubility of a solute. The hotter a gas is, the faster it will dissolve (the Rate of Dissolution goes up).

Stirring: Stirring does not affect the solubility of a solute. It increases the Rate of Dissolution of the substance, meaning it will dissolve faster.

Surface Area: Surface area does not affect the solubility of a substance. It speeds up the rate at which the solute dissolves (Rate of Dissolution).

= = =Water:= 1. The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point of water is 212 degrees Fahrenheit. These are higher than those of other gases. 2. Water has a high specific heat index of 4.184 J/(g x degrees celcius). This is because it can take in a lot of heat before it becomes very warm. 3. Water's surface tension (73 dynes/cm at 20 degrees celcius) is higher than the surface tensions of other gases. Water is elastic and will stay together in drops instead of spreading out. 4. Water is the only substance that is found in three states (liquid, solid, and gas). 5. More substances will dissolve in water than in any other liquid. Water is known as the universal solvent.

__Works Cited:__

Perlman, Howard. "Water Properties." //Water Science for Schools.// USGS, 4 November 2009. Web. 20 February 2010.

"Physical Properties of Water." //PlanetWater.au.com.// Web. 20 February 2010.

"Properties of Water." //Wikipedia.// 28 January 2010//.// Web. 20 February 2010.

"Specific Heat." //HyperPhysics.// Department of Physics and Astronomy. Web. 20 February 2010.

=The Greenhouse Effect:= Light is described as waves of radiant energy. When this energy hits the earth, most of it is absorbed, heating the earth's surface. In turn, the earth emits radiant energy called infrared. Some molecules in Earth's atmosphere absorb infrared frequencies and then re-emit them back towards Earth. Molecules are constantly in motion. These molecules vibrate by stretching, twisting, and pulling. This can cause their charges to shift at certain frequencies. If these frequencies match the frequency of the radiant energy in their area, the molecules absorb and re-emit the radiant energy. The energy that is emitted can go in any direction.

Al Gore says the glaciers are going to thaw. This has been proven to be false. The melting ice caps and glaciers can cause sea levels to rise as much as 25 feet, flooding entire coastal areas. =The Gas Laws:=
 * Boyle's Law:** [|Shaving Cream] When shaving cream is put inside a vacuum, the pressure of the air around the shaving cream decreases. This causes the volume of the shaving cream to increase, filling up its container. This is explained in Boyle's Law. It says that when the pressure of a gas decreases, the volume increases. The increase in volume means that there is //more// space for the air particles to move around, causing them to hit the walls of their container //less//. The opposite is also true. When the pressure of a gas increases, the volume decreases. The decrease in volume means there is //less// space for the particles to move around, meaning they collide with the walls of their container //more//.


 * Charles' Law:** [|Plastic Glove+Liquid Nitrogen] A plastic glove is inflated with air and placed inside a container. When liquid nitrogen is poured over the glove, it shrinks so it fits inside the container and is not visible from the camera. Charles' Law states that because the temperature of the glove decreases, the volume will also decrease. The kinetic energy of the air particles inside the glove decreases as the temperature cools, causing them to bounce off the walls of the glove less. When it is taken out of its container, the glove reinflates. Charles' Law tells us that as the temperature of the glove increases, the volume does the same. The kinetic energy of the air particles inside the glove increases as the temperature heats up, causing them to bounce off the walls of the glove more. They need more room to move around, thus the increase in volume.

=TED - Dan Buettner: How to live to be 100+= [|How to live to be 100+]
 * Avogadro's Law: [|Hovercraft]** Avogadro's Law says that the more moles there are of a gas, the more volume the gas will have. In this video, a boy makes his own hovercraft. When moles of air are pumped into the plastic "bubble" underneath the boy, the "bubble" expands. The amount of moles of air in the "bubble" is increasing, causing the volume to increase as well.

I chose to watch this video because I am very interested in how to live a healthy lifestyle. After reading the synopsis of this video, I became interested in the way Dan Buettner approached longevity and what can increase one's chances of living past the expected age. Instead of talking about what food is the best to eat and what exercises burn the most calories, he examines cultures that do not necessarily focus on those topics and instead live simple, active, and long lives.

In this twenty minute video, Mr. Buettner explains that 90% of how long a person lives depends on their lifestyle. He teams up with National Geographic and the National Institution on Aging to find what he calls "Blue Zones." "Blue Zones" are areas where life expectancy is higher than the U.S. The first area they explore is Sardinia, an island off the coast of Italy. They focus in on a group of shepherds. Dan tells us that the longevity of the shepherds is due in part to the regular physical activity they get from their jobs. They also eat a mainly plant-based diet. In Sardinia, elders are taken seriously and are considered to be much wiser than their younger family members. The second "Blue Zone" Mr. Buettner visits is Okinawa, just south of Tokyo. They eat a plant-based diet like the Sardinians and are very serious about not overeating. To prevent them from indulging too much, they eat off of smaller plates and put the food away before they eat. The culture of Okinawa is very social and there are very few who live in isolation. In America, adults tend to have a work life and a retirement life. In Okinawa, there is no word for retirement. Everyone has a reason to wake up in the morning, making their lives happier. The third place Dan looked at is Loma Linda, California. He zoomed in on a group of 7th Day Adventists. They take their diet right from the Bible and for twenty four hours of every week they put their lives on hold. For that day they focus only on God, their social networks, and nature. All of these cultures have a handful of things in common. None of them //exercise//. Instead, they are constantly nudged into physical activity. They all take time to downshift and all have a sense of purpose. All three groups eat a plant-based diet and don't overindulge. They put their families first and spend time with healthy people. As a result, it is easy to encounter those who have lived for over one hundred years.

I was very impressed with the cultures that were examined in this segment and how they live to be so old. Just the way they behave and daily activities they perform increase their chances of living to be 100. In America we are very focused on exercising at a high intensity level every day and eating only the best foods - lowfat, organic, and all natural options. Mr. Buettner showed me that that is not the only way to be strong and healthy in my old age. Living long can be achieved by living simply.