Breanna+H

=Wiki Assignment 10- Biomolecules= __Carbohydrates:__ 1. A carbohydrate molecule is made from a bond of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. This can be shown by the ratio of Cx(H2O)y where x and y are different depending on the specific carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar. There are simple sugars, which are one sugar unit (monosaccharide) and two sugar units (disaccharides). There are also complex sugars, which are polymers of simple sugars or long chains of the simple sugar units bonded together. The three main types of carbohydrates are sugars, starches, and fiber.

2. Carbohydrates have many roles in our bodies. They are fuel for the body and provide energy for daily activity. The extra carbohydrates a person takes in are stored in the body. This is why when you have a lack of carbohydrates in your body or diet you feel fatigued and have poor mental function. Carbohydrates also help the correct working of our brain, heart and nervous system, and digestive and immune system. The carbohydrates enter the body and are broken down, they are then converted to glucose which is stored and used as energy.

3. Two examples of Carbohydrates are glucose and fructose and examples of foods high in carbohydrates are bread and pasta.

__Lipid:__ 1. A lipid is made up of non-polar covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen. This means that lipids are hydrophobic meaning that are insoluble in water because they do no react to the polar bonds of water. Lipids have a large number of C-H bonds. A lipid is also known as fats and there are four categories and they are fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.

2. For the body lipids act as energy storage because they are insoluble in water they are stored in special ways in our bodies. They also act as a structural component in the cell, for example phospholipids is one of the building blocks in the cell membrane. They also control some hormones by regulating metabolism.

3. Two examples of lipids are glycerol and cholesterol and two examples of other lipids are ear wax and steroids.

__Proteins:__ 1. Protein is made up of mostly hydrogen and carbon atoms and is a combination of smaller acids called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids involved in the making and each one does a different job, is a different shape, and a different size. A protein can contain anywhere from 50 to 2,000 amino acids bonded in many combinations.

2. Protein is necessary for almost every activity in your body. Protein builds muscle and grows in long strands out of our heads (hair). There are different types of protons like, antibodies that defend our bodies from bacteria and viruses, and enzymes which help us digest food. Hemoglobin protein carries oxygen in the blood to all the parts of the body. Protein also controls brain signaling and enables muscular movement. So as you can see protein has numerous functions in the body.

3. Two amino acids that are essential to the body are lysine and methionine. Two examples of protein in the body are hemoglobin and insulin and two examples of proteins in food are tofu and milk.

__Nucleic Acids:__ 1.Nucleic acids are large molecules. The backbone of the acids is made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules that are bonded or linked together in a long chain. On that chain millions of nucleotide bases bond to it. There are four nucleotide bases that can occur in a nucleic acid and the bases act as a genetic alphabet on which the structure of each protein in encoded.

2. Nucleic acid is a protein found in RNA and DNA to determine a persons genes. The nucleic acid stores and transmits genetic information and uses the information to direct the synthesis of a new protein. Nucleic acids also make three essential human body behaviors happen mitosis, meiosis, and providing energy.

3. Two examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.

= = = = = = =Wiki Assignment 9- Concentrated Vs. Dilute and Strong Vs. Week= Concentrated solution Vs. Dilute solution: The difference between a concentrated solution and a dilute solution is that a concentrated solution has a large amount of solute in the solution. This means that there is more solute then solvent. An example of a concentrated solution would be when making hot chocolate you poor too much of the chocolate powder into the milk so it is way too chocolaty. There is more solute (chocolate powder) then solvent (milk or water). A dilute solution is that has a large amount of solvent in the solution. This means that there is more solvent then solute. An example of a dilute solution is when making hot chocolate you barely put in any of the chocolate powder so it is really watery or milky. There is more solvent (water or milk) then solute (chocolate powder).

Strong acid Vs. Weak acid: The difference between a strong and weak acid is that a strong acid is very reactive and dissociates quickly. A strong acid completely reacts with water forming individual components the HA breaks down into H+ and A-. The conjugate base of a strong acid is very weak and will not accept protons (H+) from the conjugate acid, so this means that the forward reaction dominates. There are six strong acids HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HBr, HI, and HClO4. An indication of a strong acid is when Ka is a lot greater than one. A weak acid does not dissociate quickly and is not very reactive. A weak acid does not completely react with water, in fact it barely reacts with it at all. When reacting with water a week acid HA will contain mostly HA in the contents of the solution only a very small amount of H+ and A- will be present. The conjugate base of a weak acid is very strong this means that it is willing to accept protons (H+) from the conjugate acid, so the reverse reaction dominates. An indication of a weak acid is when Ka is a lot less than one.

Diagram for question 3:

=​= = = = = =Wiki Assignment 8- Equilibrium 2= 1. When chemical equilibrium has been reached the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant with time. This is because the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. This means there is no increase or decrease in the number of molecules in the substance. Thus the concentrations are not changing but remaining constant. This does not contradict the statement that equilibrium is dynamic because when chemical equilibrium is reached there is no net change in the concentrations. However the reaction forward and reverse do not stop when the chemical equilibrium is reached, they both continue to occur. They are happening at the same rate and that is why there is no net change but why equilibrium is dynamic because it is continuous and never stops.

2. The equilibrium expression for a chemical reaction is written as the ratio of concentrations of products over reactants at equilibrium. This means that first the reaction needs to be balanced so there is a balanced chemical equation. Then K is used to represent the equilibrium constant so K is set equal to the products over reactants, where the coefficients in the balanced equation are what each corresponding concentration is raised to. For example in the balanced equation of aA+bB<->cC+dD first set K equal to products over reactants so K=[C][D] / [A][B] then raise the corresponding coefficients to the powers of the products and reactants so K=[C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b where the [] represent molarity or concentration. - 2SO2(g) + O2(g) <--> 2SO3(g) K=[SO3]2 / [SO2]2[O2]

- 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) <--> 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) K=[NO]4[H2O]6 / [NH3]4[O2]5

-The above were homogenous equilibria meaning that all the species in the equilibrium reaction are in the same state. The next example is a heterogeneous equilibria meaning that not all the species in the equilibrium reaction are in the same state. In a case where there is a heterogeneous equilibrium only the gases and aqueous solutions are put in the equation because pure solids and liquids do not change concentrations.

- ZrI4(s) <-> Zr(s) + 2I2(g) K= [I2]2

3. Homogenous equilibria: 4HCl(g) + O2(g) <-> 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g) K=[H2O]2[Cl2]2 / [HCl]4[O2]

Heterogeneous equilibria: 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) <->2Fe2O3(s) K=1/ [O2]3 = = = = = = = = = = = = =Wiki Assignment 7- Equilibrium= My example of an equilibrium system has to do with a bath tub. When a person turns on the bathtub and does not close the drain the water going into the bathtub is equal to the water going out of the bath tub through the drain. While this is happening it seems that nothing is happening in the tub when really there is a consatnt flow of water entering and leaving the bathtub. This why when people turn on their baths ahead of time and forget to plug the drain they come back to an empty tub becasue there is the equilibrium system of water entering equaling water leaving. Chemical equilibrium is defined as the balancing of two processes where one of the processes is opposite the other. So in my example the two processes are water entering the tub through the faucet and water leaving the tub through the drain. Those two processes are balanced when the drain is open, and they are opposite processes one involves water entering the other involves water leaving. So as shown above any process in life that deals with two opposite that are balanced is an example of equilibrium and can be related to chemical equilibrium, like a sink or a shower, or in my case a bath tub with the drain open. = = = = = = = = = = =Wiki Assignment 6- Reaction Rates= [|Concentration and Reaction Rates] In this video the chemist does an experiment which he calls elephant toothpaste. In the experiment he uses hydrogen peroxide and sodium iodide (also some dish soap for the bubbling effect). In the first experiment he uses 3% hydrogen peroxide and adds the sodium iodide to it. When the sodium iodide is added the solution begins to bubble slowly up the graduated cylinder. In the second experiment he uses 30% hydrogen peroxide and then adds in the same sodium chloride. This time however the solution bubbles much quicker and much more violently. The reason the reaction rate is faster with the 30% hydrogen peroxide is because it is more concentrated than the 3%. This means that in the 30% there are more hydrogen peroxide molecules colliding with the salt molecules so there are more bonds being broken from the reactants to create products. So a higher concentration means more molecules, more collisions, faster reaction, so a faster reaction rate.

[|Temperature and Reaction Rate] In this video an experiment is done using glow sticks and water. There are three beakers full of water one with hot water, another with room temperature water, and the last one with cold water. The glow sticks are then all broken at the same time which lets chemicals out and allows the chemicals inside the glow stick to mix ( the chemicals are usually hydrogen peroxide, oxalate ester, and fluorescent ). Then one glow stick is put in each beaker of water. After a while the difference can be noticed the glow stick in the hot water is glowing the brightest, the glow stick in the cold water is the dimmest and the glow stick in the room temperature water is in between the two. The reason this happens is because the glow stick in the hot water has more energy so the molecules can move around faster inside of the glow stick the more movement the molecules have at a higher speed. This than means that there are more high energy collisions that break bonds which creates a faster reaction and reaction rate, which causes the glow stick to glow brighter than the other two. So, higher temperature means more energy, more movement,more collisions, faster reaction, and a faster reaction rate.

[|Catalyst and Reaction Rate] In this video is an experiment dealing with blood and hydrogen peroxide. Blood contains a catalyse enzyme that speeds up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. So the first thing added to the glass is blood than the hydrogen peroxide is added to the blood. Immediately a foam forms from the reaction of the blood with the hydrogen peroxide. The reason the reaction happens so quickly is because inside the blood the catalyse enzyme acts as a substance that increases the reaction rate but does not become consumed by the reaction. So because of the catalyse enzyme the activation energy is lowered and that allows the reaction and the rate of the reaction to be faster. An enzyme is a biological catalyst.

__Surface Area and Reaction Rates__ For the affect of surface area on reaction rate I could not find a good video that was not the same as the one we did in class instead a good explanation was found using magnesium and dilute sulphuric acid. In the first described experiment magnesium powder reacting with the dilute sulphuric acid. Then in the second experiment magnesium ribbons reacted with the dilute sulphuric acid. In the experiment the magnesium powder reacted the fastest with the dilute sulphuric acid. The reason the powder reacted more is because it has a high surface area compared to volume ratio. So, because the surface area is larger in the magnesium powder the molecules are exposed to more collision which means more collisions occur. This then, increases the reaction rate. Another example would be to look at wood. The small pieces in a camp fire always burn faster than the big pieces of wood because the surface area to volume ratio is larger in the smaller pieces of wood.

= = __Additional Websites:__ [|Chem-Toddler] [|TutorVista- Rate of Chemical Reactions] [|Rates of Reaction] = = = = =Wiki Assignment 5- Investigating Solubility and Immiscibility= __Many things can be done to clean up oil spills and several are listed below:__ -A boom can be put on the tanker that spilled the oil, it can be put on before oil is ever spilt, or it can also be put around a habitat of animals to prevent them from being harmed by an oil spill. A boom is a device that absorbs the oil that flows around it. - Skimmers are boats that remove oil off the surface of the water using absorbent sponges. The saborbent sponges collect the oil from the water, in turn cleaning out the water. -An airplane can fly over the oil spill area and drop in chemicals that breakdown the oil into the ocean. They use dispersants to break up the oil and speed up the natural biodegrading. This reduces the surface tension that stops the oil from mixing with the water. This than makes the oil form tiny drops that increases the surface area and increases the exposure to natural evaporation.

__The two main things I found were done to minimize oil spills destructive effect on the planet are listed below:__ 1. Animals that have been affected and harmed by oil spills are cleaned, given the medication that is needed, and inspected for further damage or injuries. This insures a longer life for that animal, which would have died without the help from the volunteers and organizations. 2. Oil spills are cleaned up in way that is best for the situation. However they do try to avoid cleaning up oil spills in ways that are harmful to the environment. For example they try to avoid cleaning up an oil spill by burning the oil because that pollutes the air.

__Solubility:__ Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a certain amount of solvent.

__Rate of Dissolution:__ The rate of dissolution is the speed at which a substance dissolves or breaks down. It is the process by which a liquid, solid, or gas is dispersed homogeneously in a gas, solid, or liquid. __Liquid:__ Decreasing solubility __Gas:__ Deceasing solubility ||= Increasing rate of dissolution ||
 * =  ||= Solubility ||= Rate of Dissolution ||
 * = Increasing Temperature ||= __Solid:__ Increasing solubility
 * = Increasing Stirring ||= No Effect ||= Increasing rate of dissolution ||
 * Increasing Surface Area ||= No Effect || Increasing rate of dissolution ||

[|Oil Spills] [|Solubility] [|Solubility 2] [|Dissolution] [|Dissolution 2]
 * __Websites:__**

Wiki Assignment 4- Wonderful Water __5 Physical Properties of water:__ 1. Waters specific heat is 4,180 J kg-1 K-1, this is an unusually high number compared to other molecules. Specific heat shows how much energy is needed to change a substances temperature. So, because water has a high specific heat it takes a lot of energy for it to begin to heat up and it also means that when water cools it releases the energy slowly.

2. Waters heat conductivity is 0.60 W m-1 K-1 at a temperature of 293 Kelvin, this is unusually high or easier compared to any other liquid besides mercury. Heat conductivity is the transfer of thermal energy in a substance between molecules that are next to each other, due to a change in temperature. Heat conduction takes place to balance two temperatures and takes place from the higher temperature to the lower temperature region.

3. Waters surface tension is 73 dynes/cm at 20 degrees Celsius, this is also unusually high compared to other molecules. Surface tension is the tension between molecules on the surface of a liquid which hold them together, rather than separating far apart. In water the high surface tension indicates that it is elastic and adhesive, which is why water does not spread out in a thin layer but forms water drops instead. This also makes water drops and waves possible.

4. Waters heat capacity is 4.22 kJ/kg.K, this is unusually high compared to other molecules. Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature by one degree Kelvin. Since, water has a very high specific heat it means that it can absorb a lot more heat energy than most molecules without its temperature being affected.

5. Waters critical temperature is 647 Kelvin, which is an average or in the middle critical temperature compared to other molecules. Critical temperature is when a gas can no longer exhibit distinct gas and liquid phases because the temperature goes above the critical point. Also, the gas can no longer be liquefied once it goes above the critical temperature.

__Websites:

[|physicalgeography.net] [|Conduction (heat)] [|Physical properties of water] [|Critical Temperature and Pressure]__

= = = = = = = = =Wiki Assignment 3- A Global Warming?= The greenhouse effect can be described as waves of radiant energy from the sun passed through the atmosphere striking the earth where it is absorbed and the surface becomes warmer. The warm Earth then emits infrared radiant energy. Some simple gases, like Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, whose molecules contain only two atoms, allow the radiated infrared energy to pass back through the atmosphere into space. Greenhouse gases however, contain more than two atoms and their molecules stretch, bend, or wiggle in various ways that reflect the infrared energy in various directions, some of it back towards Earth's surface, in effect trapping the heat in Earth's atmosphere. Some scientists believe that as greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere the warmer the gases will be.

__Statements and Opinions about global warming:__ -Glaciers and the polar ice caps are melting at alarming rates which will cause the sea levels to rise and could create a massive flood. -In the past ten to twelve years some scientists say that the planet has actually been in a cooling trend not a warming trend. -The Earth has always gone through warming and cooling trends, Minnesota once being covered in glaciers, if man was not present what made the earth warm back up again then and so is man really the cause or is this just a natural trend? -Carbon dioxide is listed as a pollutant, but it is what we exhale, and plants need it for photosynthesis. John Coleman, the founder of the weather channel and long time meteorologist, says that satellites actually show that the Earth is 30% greener since they were put up into space. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =Wiki Assignment 2- Ideal Gases in the Real World= [|Blowing up a can of shaving cream] In this video, a group of boys throw a can of shaving cream into a fire. After about twenty seconds the can of shaving cream blows up due to a gas law known as Gay-Lussac's Law. As the temperature of the can of shaving cream increases the pressure in the shaving cream can also increases due to a direct relationship. The pressure increases because as the temperature of the can increases the gas particles kinetic energy increases making them move faster and bump into the sides of the can and each other more often. When the pressure in the shaving cream can gets to be too much because the temperature rose to a certain point the can will explode due to the increased pressure. This is why on the bottle of shaving cream it will say something like "caution: contents may explode when heated".

[|man squeezing balloon] In this image, a balloon is shown being squeezed by a person tightly with his hands. If the man were to continue to squeeze the balloon harder with his hands he would continue to decrease the volume of the balloon. Since the volume of the balloon is being decreased the pressure is being increased which is known as Boyle's law. The pressure increases because there is less room in the balloon for the gas particles to move around so they bump into the walls of the balloon and each other more often. So when the man squeezes the balloon hard enough, or decreases the volume enough the pressure will increase so much that the balloon will pop. This is why when you try to squeeze or sit on a balloon most of the time it pops, unless the balloon bulges out on the sides allowing it to retain its initial volume.

[|expanding marshmallow] In this video a marshmallow is placed in a campfire. After a few seconds the marshmallow continues to grow larger and larger. This happens because of a gas law known as Charles's law. As the temperature of the marshmallow increases from the fire the marshmallow's volume expands because they are directly related. The volume of the marshmallow increases when the temperature increases because the higher temperature increase the kinetic energy of the gas particles and so the gas particles need more room to move and keep a constant pressure. This is why when you roast marshmallows for s'mores they grow larger when you heat them over the fire.

= = = = = = = = = = = = =Wiki Assignment 1- TED talk= [|TED video]

The reason I chose the video on optical illusions is because they have always fascinated me. When I was little and was bored I would go on the computer and look at optical illusions for hours. I never fully understood how they worked and why my brain saw something that was the same so much differently. In choosing this video I hoped to learn the answer to the questions I had about optical illusions since I was a little kid.

In the talk by Beau Lotto, founder of Lottolab, an art studio and science lab, he discussed how we see optical illusions and how our brain affects what our eyes see. The main point he tried to get across during his brief talk is that the light that comes onto your sensory information part of your eye could be seen as any color, shape, or object making it meaningless, which means that it is the way that our brains interpret the light that is important. What the color that we see does is it helps us distinguish between the similarities and differences that we see according to the spectrum of light they reflect. The problem with this is that two exact colors could be seen differently by our eyes because the spectrum reflected is different. This was shown in an experiment Beau did where he had 25 yellow squares lit up and 25 purple squares lit. Then he took a yellow filter and put it on the middle 9 purple squares and then put a purple filter on the 9 middle yellow squares. This made the 9 middle squares in each set of 25 the same. Then he took away the front filter and immediately the colors look different even though our brain knew they were the same. This led to his emphasis on the idea that uncertainty is the only potential for understanding. So when we are certain the 9 blocks will be different and when we look with uncertainty upon those two sets of 9 middle blocks we have the opportunity to see that they are the same color.

I thought the talk was very interesting with all the information and experiments he did to support his thoughts. I learned many things about our vision and the way our brain interprets color in only seventeen minutes. The most influential thing I learned was that seeing is not an automatic thing. We have to learn to see and we do this by finding patterns and relationships and associating them with behavioral thing we experience everyday. That is why light can be translated into sound. If we think about what color would go with a certain sound and close our eyes and hear those sounds we associated with the colors we would be able to see with our eyes closed and only using our ears. This is great prosthetic for visually impaired people!