Megan+H

=Wiki assignment 10- biomolecules= 1) Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio. Carbohydrates functions in the body are providing energy and regulation of glucose, sparing the use of protiens for energy, breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis, biological recognition processes, flavor and sweeteners, and dietary fiber. Two examples of Carbohydrates are glucose and lactose. 2) Protiens are made up of Amino acids. They participate in almost every process within your body cells and they are necessary in animal diets. Two examples of protiens are enzymes and collagan. 3) Lipids are made up of mostly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but it can also contain other elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Lipids are for energy storage, mobilization and utilization protection of organ insulation. Two examples of Lipids are cholesterol and steroids. 4) Nucleic acids are made up of Monomers known as nucleotides. Their functions are to store herditary information, and to contain information for making all the body's protiens. Two examples of Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. =Wiki assignment 8= When a reaction reaches equilibrium, the forward reaction and the reverse reaction happen at the same rate. This means that the amount of molecules in the reactant stays constant as well as the amount of molecules in the product which shows that the concentation of both stay constant at equilibrium. Even though the concentrations stay constant, the reaction is still dynamic. The rectants are still consantly making the product and the product is still constantly making the reactant but the two reactions are happening at the same rate so there is no net change.

K is the ratio of product over reactant in an equilibrium reaction. If the equation was aA+bB<--->cC+dD, with the lower case letters being coefficients and the capital letters being the actual substances, then the formula for K would be [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b. [ ] represents molarity. Three examples of equilibrium reactions and there formula for K are: a) 2NO2(g)<--->N2O4(g) K= [N2O4] / [NO2]^2 b) H2(g)+F2(g)<--->2HF(g) K= [HF]^2 / [H2] [F2] c) N2H4(g)<--->2H2(g)+N2(g) K= [H2]^2 [N2] / [N2H4]

Homogeneous equilibrium: H2(g)+I2(g)<--->2HI(g) K= [HI]^2 / [H2] [I2] heterogeneous equilibrium: Fe(OH)2(s)<--->Fe2+(Aq)+2OH-(Aq) K= [Fe2+] [OH-]^2

= Wiki assignment 7 =

An example of an Equilibrium system is a water slide. The water being pumped onto the slide at the top is the same amount as the water running off the slide at the bottom. Because of this, the amount of water on the slide remains constant. A chemical equilibrium system is a dynamic state where the concentrations of all reactants remain constant. The waterfall is dynamic because water is constantly flowing through it even though the amount of water on the slide doesn't change. The amount of water on the slide not changing is like the concentrations of the chemicals in the chemical equilibrium staying constant. Also, the water being pumped onto the slide is like the forward reaction and the water running off the slide is the reverse reaction. Because these flows are happening at the same rate, the water slide is at an equilibrium. This shows that a water slide is an example of an equilibrium system and can be related to a chemical equilibrium system. = Wiki assignment 6 = In this experiment, Alcohol is first placed in a small dish and burned. then the same amount of alcohol is spread out across a table and burned. The alcohol spread along the table is burned out alot faster than the small dish. This is because the fire is reacting with the alcohol alot faster. The reaction rate is faster because more surface area results in more exposed molecules to react with which results in more collisions.

In the second exeriment, three glow sticks are placed in three different water temperatures. The one placed in the hoter water glows alot brighter than the one in the cold water. This is because the reaction rate in the glow stick inceases when it is placed in the hot water making it glow brighter. The reaction rate increases because when temperature increases, the molecules move faster causing more collisions causing a faster reaction. [|temperature]

In the third experiment, Hydrogen peroxide and salt are combined to create elephant toothpaste. The more concentrated the solution with hydrogen peroxide was, the faster the reaction occured and there were alot more bubbles. This is because the more concentrated a solution is, the more molecules there are in a solution creating more collisions. This will cause the reaction to happen more quickly. [|Concentration]

In the fourth experiment, a catalyst is used in the decomposition of hyrogen peroxide. This causes the reaction to happen very fast. This is because when you add a catalyst, you lower the activation energy (Energy needed for the reaction to occur) which increases the reaction rate. [|catalyst]

= Wiki assignment 5 = When oil spills, it floats to the surface of the water and creates a thin slick of oil there. The longer the oil sits on the surface, the more it spreads. If a crew can reach the spill within a few hours, it usually chooses to clean it up by containment and skimming. Long buoyant booms that float on the water and a skirt hanging below it contain the oil and keep it from spreading out. Then they use boats that suck or scoop up the oil from the water and into containment tanks. Another method of clean up is setting the oil on fire, but this produces toxic smoke and would not be used in a spill near the coastal settlement. If spills are not reached quickly, they can spread to the shoreline and affect wildlife. One method for dealing with oil spills that have reached the shoreline is to use biological agents. Fertilizers like phosphorus and nitrogen are spread over the shoreline to increase the growth of microorganisms which break down the oil into natural components. Clean up crews use floating dummies and balloons to scare away the wild life in the area of the spill but it does not prevent them from being affected. Experts have ways to help the animals that have become polluted by oil, but rescuing the animals is very difficult. Solubility is the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a certain amount of solvent. Generally, when there is a temperature increase, the solubility also increases. This however is not true for gases and some other solvents. Stirring and surface area do not affect solubility. Rate of dissolution is the rate of how fast or slow the solute goes into a solvent. An increase in temperature results in an increase in rate of dissolution. Stirring the solution and surface area also increase the rate of dissolution. =Wiki Assingnment #3: Global Warming?= Warm objects on the earth emitt infrared wavelengths, and some gases in the atmosphere obsorb these wavelengths and re-emitt them back toward the earth. These special gases are called greenhouse gases. There is a reason why some gases do this while others do not: Individual molecules move in there own way and they bend and stretch in a way unique to each molecule. When the molecule only has two atoms, they can only expand and contract, so the charge of the molecule is not affected. Single atoms cannot move/vibrate at all. When there are more than two atoms in one molecule, it can vibrate in many different ways which constantly effects the charge of the molecule. These changing charges occur at a certain frequency. If the IR wavelengths are the same as the molecules, the molecules will obsorb the IR wavelengths and re-emitt them. Usually, back at the earth.

One thing I heard about global warming is that a single volcano emitts more carbon dioxide than the whole human rase ever has. Therefore, our carbon dioxide emittion isn't affecting the envirement at all. Another thing I heard is that scientists are creating "artificial trees" to suck up the extra carbon dioxide in our envirement. The trees are still a work in progress though and probably won't be ready for use anytime soon.

= = =Wiki Assignment #2: Gas Laws= The first two examples are under some writting at the top of the web page. They are stations 1 and 2. [|first two examples] The first example is a diver in a water bottle. When the water bottle is pushed in, the volume is decreased in the bottle and according to Boyle's law (PV=PV) this means the pressure is increased. This is because the decreased room for the molecules to move around in the bottle results in more collisions with the sides of the bottle increasing the pressure in the bottle. Because of the increased pressure, water is pushed into the diver in the bottle making it more dense than the water so it sinks to the bottom. Boyle's law shows that pressure and volume are inversely related when temperature is constant. When one increases the other decreases. The second example is popping popcorn. When the temperature of the Kernels is increased, the waters inside the kernels expand and the kurnel pops to relieve the pressure. This is because of of charle's law (V/T=V/T). The law says that volume and temperature are directly related when pressure is constant. When temperature increases, so does volume and vice versa. This is because when the temperature is increased, the molecules move faster so they bump into the sides of the container, or kernel in this case, more. This causes the water inside the kurnel to expand so the pressure is still constant. This causes the kernels to pop. My third example is a pressure cooker. When the lid is sealed, and the pot is heated, the pressure in the pot increases as well as the temperature. This is becasue of Gay-Lussac's law (P/T=P/T). This means that when the volume is constant, pressure and temperature are directly proportional. When one increases, the other increases as well. This is because as the temperature increases, the molecules move faster in the cooker so they bump into the sides more. This causes the pressure to increase inside the cooker. Hence the name, pressure cooker. = = =Wiki Assignment #1: TED talk=

[|Black Holes] __**Supermassive Black Holes**__ The video I chose to watch was about Supermassive black holes. It explained how black holes can be made and how astronomers today are trying to prove there is a supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy. I chose this video because I have always had a fasination for astronomy and am especially interested in black holes. I have also considered persuing a career in astronomy. The video was just as interesting as I expected it to be if not more. By the end, I truly believed there was a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. The speaker was very good at explaining complicated astronomy to people who know very little about it. One thing I learned from the video is that black holes have no volume but they have a huge mass. While there is no volume to a black hole, astronomers have come up with a radius of a black hole called the Schwarzschild radius. This radius represents how small you would have to compress an object to form a black hole. Once you compress it to this size, gravity will cause the object to cave in on itself and create a black hole. For example, in order for our sun to become a black hole it would have to be compressed to the size of a small college campus. The small college campus represents the Scharzschild radius. Using the Schwarzschild radius and the orbit of the stars near the center of our galaxy, astronomers are extremely close to proving that there is a supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy.