Luke+M

I chose this talk because I am very interested in the speeds of different animals. So when I saw the title "Sheila Patek Clocks the Fastest Animals" I thought it would be pretty interesting.
 * //__Assignment #1__//**[|Video 1]-

This talk was about the mantis shrimp and how it is one of the fastest animals because how fast it needs to move its "ankle" to break open a snail shell for food. Sheila Patek found that the ankle of the mantis shrimp moves about 45 mph underwater. She also found the force that the mantis shrimp applies to the snail shell. The force was over 100 pounds of force. This is a very large force for how small the animal is. Sheila Patek believes that the mantis shrimp might actually have the largest force to mass ratio.

When I saw this I thought it was very interesting. When she started talking about the force that the mantis shrimp I was amazed. It was also very cool to see the slow motion videos of the shrimp and how fast it was moving even in slow motion.

Boyle's Law** [|Stomp Rocket] When the kids jump on the launch balloon it rapidly decreases the volume of the balloon. According to Boyle's Law, if the volume decreases the pressure increases because the molecules are bumping into each other more. Because the pressure is increased very quickly with the temperature constant it launches the rocket into the air because the tube that holds the rocket is the only place the molecules that have a lot of force can go. [|Liquid Nitrogen and Balloon] When the very cold liquid nitrogen is poured on the balloon the temperature of the balloon decreases. According to Charles's Law, when the temperature decreases the volume also decreases and the oppossite is also true. Because when molecules are heated they move faster bumping into each other more often increasing the volume when the pressure is constant because they need room to move around faster and the oppossite when the balloon cools down. This is why the balloon shrinks as it gets colder and expands when it is heated. [|Axe Can In Fire] When the axe can is thrown in the fire its temperature increases. According to Gay-Lussac's Law, when the temperature is increased the pressure is also increased. So when the axe can is thrown into the fire, the pressure is increased because the molecules are moving faster bumping into each other more often and the volume is constant. After a little bit the pressure is increased so much that the axe can cannot hold all the pressure so it explodes.
 * //__Assignment #2__//
 * Charles's Law**
 * Gay-Lussac's Law**

The Greenhouse effect is the warming of our planet because of light, which is radiant energy with a set of wavelengths called infrared, gets trapped in our atmosphere. When molecules of greenhouse gasses such as CO2 and O3 shift charges, this occurs at a certain frequency that matches the energy in a certain region. The eath's surface emits infrared at the same frequencies. So because of this, the greenhouse gasses absorb and then re-emit this infrared. When it re-emits it, some of that infrared is re-emitted toward earth warming it. Some things that I have heard about the Greenhouse effect is that there is another main reason for it. This reason is the sun is moving closer to earth. Another thing I have heard is that if this continues, our great, great grandchildren will never see a polar bear.
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Water 1. Is a universal solvent. This means that a lot of other molecules dissolve in water. Other molecules aren't as much as a solvent so this property is unique to water. 2. Has a surface tension. Compared to other molecules, water has a high surface tension. The surface tension is how strong the particles on the surface attract each other. This allows certain insects to walk on water. 3. It's boiling point and melting point are in the middle of the spectrum compared to other molecules. The boiling point is the temperature at which it turns into a gas. The melting point is the point at which water turns into a liquid from a solid. 4. Water's density is a little lower than most of the molecules. It's density is about 1g/ml at 4 degrees celcius. Density is the the mass compared to the volume so how much of it is in a certain area. 5. Water conducts heat more easily than any other particle except for mercury. This means it keeps a certain temperature. This is why large lakes and oceans maintain a certain temperature more than other molecules. Citation: "8(a) Physical Properties of Water." //PhysicalGeography.net Welcome Page//. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. ."Water." //Visionlearning//. Web. 21 Feb. 2010. [].
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1. To clean up the oil spills and minimize its destructive effects there are three main ways. One way is with booms and skimmers. First the booms, which are floating barriers with the ability to contain oil, are placed around the oil spill to contain the oil. Then, skimmers, which are boats with a vacuum attached to a rope, come and collect all of the oil it possibly can and puts it into a container to take it away. The second method is with chemical dispersants. These breakdown the oil into its elemental components dispersing it and making it less harmful to the environment. The third way is called In-Situ burning. This method is where the oil is ignighted to get rid of it.
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2. Solubility is the amount of substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. This can also be called the rate of dissolving. Dissolution, on the other hand, means seperation into a substance's component parts. So the rate of dissolution is just how it is measured by the rate at which this happens. Temperature speeds up both of these processes when the temperature gets higher because the molecules are moving faster and it gets easier for them to break apart. Stirring also speeds up both of these processes becasue it is forcing the molecules to move and part from each other. Surface area also affects both of these properties. The bigger the surface area, the quicker the solubility and rate of dissolution are. This is because when there is a large surface area there is more room for molecules in the crucial zone to be dissolved.


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[|Rate of Reaction Factors]

As the video explains, the more concentrated the faster the reaction rate. For example bumper cars. The more bumper cars there are the an certain area, the more collisions there will be, and in reactions the more collisions, the faster it will react. Higher temperature also speeds up the reaction. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecules or the speed. If there are an equall amount of bumper cars but one set of bumper cars are moving faster than the other, the set of bumper cars that are moving faster will bump into each other more meaning more collisions speeding up the reaction. A catalyst speeds up the reaction as well. An average route is like an average reaction. But if there is a catalyst in the reaction, it is like a shortcut in the road so it takes some steps away so the overall trip is faster meaning the reaction will be faster. The surface area also affects the reaction rate. If there is one big cube, the surface area is average, but if the cube is broken up into a bunch of tiny cubes the surface area ias greater making more collisions because there is more surface area to collide with making more collisions but with just two big cubes there are only a little bit of collisions. The greater the surface area, the faster the reaction will occur.


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//__Equilibrium__// -An equilibrium is the exact balancing of two processes, one of which is opposite of the other. When I was washing my hands I noticed that a sink with running water fits the definition of an equilibrium. When the water in a sink is running and the plug is open, the amount of water in the sink does not change. The water running into the sink and the water that is being drained are the balancing processes, and they are both oppossite of each other. This is very much like a chemical equilibrium. A chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant. In the sink, the total amount of water remains constant just as the concentration of reactants and products remain constant in a chemical equilibrium. Also, the rate of water going into the sink is equal to the rate of the water coming out of the sink. A chemical equilibrium is the same way becasue the rate of reaction for the products are equal to the rate of reaction for the reactants.


 * //__Assignment #8__//**

Answer the following questions about equilibrium 1. Explain why, once a chemical system has reached equilibrium, the concentrations of all reacts and products remain constant with time. Why does this constancy of concentration not contradict our picture of equilibrium as being dynamic? 2. Describe how we write the equilibrium expression for a reaction. Give three examples of balanced chemical equations and the corresponding expressions for their equilibrium constants. 3. Give balanced chemical equations and write the corresponding equilibrium constant expressions for examples of both homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria.

When a chemical system reaches equilibrium, all the concentrations remain constant because when the reactants turn to products, the products are turning into reactants at the same rate so there is no loss in reactant or product concentrations. This also explains why an equilibrium is dynamic. Even though the concentrations remain constant, the reaction is still taking place it is just that the reaction from product to reactant and reactant to product reactions are happening at the same rate. When equilibrium expressions are written the product concentrations in brackets (equilibrium positions) are written over the reactant concentration in brackets (equilibrium positions). EX. 1) Br2(g) <--> 2Br(g) K= __[Br] 2__ [Br2] 2) N2(g) + O2(g) <--> 2NO(g) K__= [NO]2__ [N2] [O2] 3) H2(g) + I2(g) <--> 2HI(g) K= __[HI]2__ [H2] [I2] Homogeneous N2(g) + 3H2(g) <--> 2NH3(g) K= __[NH3]2__ [N2] [H2]3

Heterogenous PCl5(s) <--> PCl3(l) + Cl2(g) K= [Cl2]


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A concentrated solution is one which there is a large amount of solute in the solution and not as much solvent. A dilute solution is one which has a little amount of solute and more solvent. Thee difference between a stong and weak acid is a strong acid reacts completely with water and a weak acid reacts very litle wiht it. This means the strong acid is very reactive and the weak acid not so much. Click on H30.docx to view the solutions of weak/strong and concentrated/dilute acids.



1. What is the molecule made of? 2. What is/are the function(s) of the molecule? (What do they do in the body?) 3. What are 2 examples of the biomolecule group?

The groups are: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids Carbohydrates 1) They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2) They are the main source of energy in the body. 3) Some examples are patatoes and bread. Proteins 1) They are made mostly from nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon atoms. 2) Proteins are needed for the building and repair of body tissues. They produce enzymes, hormones, and other substances the body uses. They regulate body processes, such as water balancing, transporting nutrients, and making muscles contract. 3) Meat, eggs, and nuts are examples. Lipids 1) They are made of mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2) They store energy and insulate the body. 3) Fats and cholesterol are examples. Nucleic Acids 1) They are made up of proteins which are made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 2) They are for storing and transmitting genetic information. 3) DNA and RNA are 2 examples.
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