Whitney+S

Wiki assignment 10: Biomolecules

-Biomolecules are organic compounds that are made up of hydrogen and other elements, which are covalently bonded to carbon atoms. -What they do for our body. a.) Carbohydrates are basically sugar and starch. They break down into glucose molecules. These molecules are used to fuel your brain and muscles. b.) Protein is used in the process of building and repairing body tissue. Protein produces enzymes, hormones, and other substances the body uses. It helps to regulate the body processes, like water balancing. Protein also keeps the body healthy by resisting diseases that are common to malnourishment. Lastly protein prevents the body from becoming easily fatigued by producing stamina and energy. c.) Lipids are fats, waxes, and oils that the body uses for everyday functions. They give the body structure, help produce energy, and help control our vitamin and hormone usage within our bodies. d.) Nucleic acids are major components of DNA and RNA. They serve as energy stores in ATP to form co-enzymes (protein synthesis and reproduction of the cell). -examples a.) Monosaccharide: are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugar. Examples are the hexodes glucose, fructose, pentose, and ribose.  b.)Amino Acids: are molecules that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Amino acids are the building blocks of long polymer chains. With 2-10 amino acids such chains are called peptides, with 10-100 they are often called polypeptides, and longer chains are known as proteins. These protein structures have many structural and functional roles in organisms

Wiki assignment 9: Concentrated vs. Dilute, Strong vs. Weak

A ** weak ** acid is one that is only partly dissociated, no matter what the concentration. A ** strong ** acid is one that is completely dissociated in a particular solvent. A ** concentrated ** acid is an acid which is either pure (no solvent) or has a high concentration. A diluted acid is one that is not a pure acid; it has less acid in it because of a solvent.

[|help from here]

Wiki Assignment 8: Equilibrium 2

1. Once a system reaches chemical equilibrium, the products remain constant because of shifting. When one product becomes more soluble then the reaction shifts to the other product so it can decrease and create/stay at equilibrium. Concentration does not contradict dynamic equilibrium because; even though the concentrations can change the constant will remain the same at a given temperature. 2. To write equilibrium expression we follow the basic format of products over reactants. Where the generic format looks like K (ratio of concentrations) =[C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b. The “[ ]” mean concentration: (mol/L) molarity. a. 2O3 (g) ßà 3O2 (g) ~ K= [O2]3 / [O3]2 b. H2 (g) + F2 (g) ßà 2HF (g) ~ K= [HF]2 / [H2][F2] c. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ßà 2NH3 (g) ~ K= [NH3]2 / [N2][H2]3 3. Homogeneous Equilibria: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ßà 2NH3 (g) ~ K= [NH3]2 / [N2][H2]3 Heterogeneous Equilibria: SO3 (g) + H2O (l) ßà H2SO4 (l) ~ K= [SO3] (Liquids or solids are not included in finding “K” because their concentrations say at an //equilibrium constant//)

 Wiki Assignment 7: Chemical Equilibrium

An example of chemical equilibrium in life is the circle of life. There is a basic idea of the circle of life for any living creature. The idea is that for every new born that year must be equal to every one creature that must succumb to death. The circle of life is an example of chemical equilibrium because the ratio/concentration of products to reactants remains at constant (in the two opposite processes). The ratio of product to product may change but the reactants will also change for the value to remain at a constant. This means there is not a visible net change through out the processes. Even though there is no visible change the numbers are still changing and remaining in constant.



Wiki assignment 6: reaction rates

Temperature: in the video, there are three glow sticks and each is placed in a beaker. One has hot water, the next is in cold water, and one is with room temperature (air). Once the glow sticks are placed in the beakers after a few minutes you can already see a change. The one in the hot water is significantly brighter then the rest. This is because the increase in temperate causes the molecules to move more, causing more collisions, which results in a brighter glow stick. The one in the cold water has dimmed, because the temperature decreases the motion of the molecules and causes fewer collisions. The room temperature glows but not as bright or as dull as the other two because the temperature has the molecules moving at a moderate, resulting in a moderate glow. [|glow stick video] Surface Area: An example of how surface area affects the reaction rate is if, HCL is a beaker with 3inch diameter and another breaker with HCL only it has a diameter of 5 inches. (same VL) Then you add the same amount of zinc to each beaker and you see time how fast it takes for each reaction to occur. The beaker with a bigger diameter would have a faster reaction rate because increasing the surface area of the reactants there are more molecules exposed to the collision happening. This results in more collisions and a higher reaction rate.

Concentration: When you have 2 beakers (same VL), one with 6.00 M of HCL and the other with 1.ooM of HCL and you add zinc, which one will react faster? The beaker with 6.00 M of HCL will react faster. This is because the HCL is more concentrated. When you increase the concentration of the reactants, there are more molecules. Where there are more molecules then they have more collision in the amount of given space. The more collisions cause a faster reaction rate. Example from [|here]

Catalyst: An example of an everyday Catalyst is Yeast. Yeast is a substance that can increase reaction rate without being consumed by the reaction (baking bread).Yeast is used in bread to speed of the time needed for baking. When you add yeast to the bread it decreases the amount of Activation Energy required for the bread to rise.

Wiki Assignment 5: investigating solubility and immiscibility  When tankers are shipping oil across the world there is always a possibility of a spill. When a spill occurs there is a procedure that the group usually follows (groups such as the Office Response and Restoration). There are four key methods that they use and this includes booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants, and in-situ burning. Booms create floating barriers that are placed around the oil so the leaking oil won’t be able to spread any farther. The booms are also used so skimmers can come and collect the spilled oil. The second method that is mentioned in the first was skimmers. These are boats are equipped with a vacuum system that is oil absorbent. The vacuums have plastic ropes that skim across the top of the water sucking up the spilled oil as they move along the water. The 3rd method, chemical dispersant, uses materials that break down oil into chemical constituents. This makes the oil less harmful to the environment and the wildlife. The last method to clean up oil spills is called in-situ burning. The method is simple; they ignite the freshly spilled oil when it is still floating on the water. imformation found [|here] -Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a liquid solvent to form a homogenous solution. Definition from[|here] -Dissolution is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute, as ions dissolve in a solvent they spread out and become surrounded by solvent molecules. Definition from[|here] -This means the rate of dissolution is the measure of how fast the substance dissolves. Surface Area: -The solubility of a solution increase when you increase the surface area because the substance is spread out causing more contact with the air and increasing its ability is dissolve. -When a solute dissolves, the process is only found of the surface of each particle. When the surface area of the particles is increased, the solute dissolves faster (increasing the rate of dissolution). Temperature: -As you increase the temperature the solubility increases for most solvents. For gases when the temperature is increased they become less soluble. -Increasing the temperature of liquid and solid solutes not only increases the amount of the solute that will dissolve but it increases its rate of dissolution. For gases, it is the opposite. An increase in temperature will cause a decrease its solubility. Stirring: -When you stir you increase the solubility. Since solubility is due to the interaction between the solute and solvent, when stirring you allow more solute to dissolve between the water molecules. This is similar to super saturation. -Stirring also increases the rate of dissolution because when you stir you are moving the particles. This causes portions of the solvent to make contact with the solute, making it dissolve faster. information found <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|here]

<span style="color: #c73d3d; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 210%; text-align: center;">Wiki Assignment 4: Wonderful Water

1. Water is found in all three physical states at the temperatures normally found on Earth. Water is the only common molecule found with these conditions. 2. Water has a high specific heat index. Meaning it absorbs a lot of heat before it begins to get hot (temperature increase). This also contributes to why water's liquid form is less dense than its solid form. This is not common for most molecules because the density of its solid is larger because it would assume it had a higher mass than the liquid form. 3. Water has a very high surface tension. It has characteristics of being sticky and elastic at the same time, causing it to clump. Unlike most molecules that spread apart/thin out. 4. The latent heats of (fusion and evaporation) water are unusually high. Latent heat is the amount of heat energy in BTU per pound absorbed or realest by a substance undergoing a change in phase. An example would be going from a solid to a liquid. 5. Lastly water is a universal solvent. This means water is capable of dissolving another mixture/substance to form a homogeneous mixture at the molecular level. More than half of the known elements can be founding water because the elements dissolve so well in water. No other molecule is referred to as a universal solvent.

Unsual properties 1-2 were found [|here]. Properties 3-5 were found [|here]..

<span style="color: #e95858; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 200%; text-align: center;">Wiki Assignment 3: <span style="color: #e93535; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 200%; text-align: center;">Global Warming <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">1. The greenhouse effect is a change in heat within the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation. The process of this starts when radiant energy hits the earth and is absorbed by the ground which makes the earth’s surface hotter. When warm objects emit radiant energy with a set of wavelengths that are collective, they are called infrared. This energy captured causes shifting charges to mix with molecules and then occur at a certain frequency. When the frequencies match, the energy is absorbs the energy in a push pull motion. The Atmosphere then emits the right frequencies, which absorb and reemit the energy as the molecules stretches and bends. The energy that has been reemitted is directed back to Earth’s surface in random directions and then creating a change in temperature which is believed to help contribute to “Global Warming”. 2. Man made CO2 is the main cause for Global Warming. 30 years ago, global cooling was the biggest threat: a matter of faith.

<span style="color: #da4544; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 190%; text-align: center;">Wiki assignment 2 : Gas Laws

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">1. A football inside, but when brought outside (in winter) the football's size decreases. -This example applies to Charles Law. Once the ball was brought outside the temperature decreased. This resulted in the average kinetic energy of the gas particles to decrease, in order to keep the pressure constant. Since the energy of the gas particles decreased these results in the particles to slow down in movement and take up less space, which causes the ball to deflate.

2. Lungs expanding as they fill with air. -Avogrado's Law; Lungs expand as they fill with air because the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas (oxygen). Since the moles of gas are increased so is the volume. This is so the gas has more room, and as you exhale you release gas and your lungs contract back to their normal size.

3. A balloon popping when filled with air. - When filling a balloon with air, the temperature remains constant. As you put air in the balloon you are increasing its volume. This creates more particles in the space. As the balloon stretches to contain the increasing volume, which applies more pressure on the balloon. The balloon continues to increase in volume and pressure until the pressure is too high for the elastic like material, causing the balloon to pop.

<span style="color: #da4544; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 190%; text-align: center;">Wiki assignment 1 : Ted Talk

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The video I watched was titled __Rachel Pike: the Science behind a Climate Headline__. Rachel Pike first used examples of headlines that deal with the atmospheric system that we see in newspapers all the time. She explained how we really have no idea what goes on behind those headlines; all we see is the final product. Many may assume the headlines seen are from a few collections of data, from maybe 5 or 10 scientists. The truth behind those headlines is around six hundred and twenty scientists study that one topic. All of the scientists come from over 40 different countries, and each person writes over one thousand pages on this topic. After they do their research, their papers are reviewed by another four hundred scientists from one hundred and thirteen countries. That’s a huge community. Over fifteen thousand of those scientists meet every year in San Francisco to discuss these topics. Rachel Pike is a part of this process. She is currently at Cambridge studying one molecule. To understand how small this molecule was, Pike said in a paperclip there is negative nine hundred zeta-illion molecules. Even though the molecule is so small, there are still enough of these molecules emitted every year to equal all the humans on the planet. To better understand how this molecule impacts the atmosphere, they do larger scales of how it reacts to different situations. They perform dozens of integrations, which take weeks, to understand this molecule. The scientists also go around the world to collect data about this molecule. The most recent test, they went in the middle of a rain forest and set up a tower to collect the molecule and how much was released that day. After data is collected, each student who has been studying this one molecule writes one paper. Knowledge and understanding builds up into one small subsection of the understanding of this molecule. Then each student is asked to write one summary to follow up their paper. This paper is purposely written to the non scientific audience. After it has been read by a few other scientists and approved or revised, this summary is sent the journalists and policy makers. The summary is turned into what we see in headlines of newspapers.

[|Rachel Pike: The Science behind the Climate Headlines]