Madeline+A

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Wiki Assignment 10: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates 1. Carbohydrates are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 2. The function of carbohydrates in the body is to produce sucrose and glucose, which the body can easily convert into energy 3. Examples of carbohydrates are sugars, startches, and cellulose

Proteins 1. Proteins contain C, O, H, and N and are made from 20 different kinds of amino acids 2. Proteins build and repair body tissues, and are essential for many body processes 3. Examples of proteins are hemoglobin and titin

Lipids 1. Lipids contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules of a lipid are made up of a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid molecules attached to it 2. Lipids function as an energy reserve in the human body. They also help with vitamin absorption and energy production 3. Examples of lipids are cholesterol and oil

Nucleic Acids 1. The backbone of a nucleic acid is made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules bonded together in a long chain 2. The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic information and use that information to direct the synthesis of new protein 3. Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

Wiki Assignment 9: Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs. Weak
1. A concentrated solution has a low percent of solvent and a high percent of solute. A dilute solution has a high percent of solvent and a high percent of solute. 2. A strong acid dissociates almost completely when it is dissolved in water which will produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions. A weak acid only partially dissociates when it is dissolved in water which will produce a low concentration of hydrogen ions. []

Wiki Assignment 8: Equilibrium 2
1. When a chemical system is at equilibrium, all the concentrations are constant because when reactants turn to products, at the same rate the products are turning into reactants. This means there is no change in reactant or product concentrations. The process is dynamic because even though there is no change, the reaction is still taking place. 2. An equilibrium expression is written with the concentrations of the products over the concentration of the reactants with the coefficients of each equation acting as exponents. You have to remember that only species in either the gas or aqueous phases are included in this expression because the concentrations for liquids and solids cannot change. The expression equation is jA + kB <--> lC + mD and the equilibrium expression is K= [C]l [D]m / [A]j [B]k One example is H2(g) + F2(g) <---> 2HF(g) and the equilibrium expression is: [HF]2 / [H2] [F2] A second example is 2O3(g) <---> 3O2(g) and the equilibrium expression is: [O2]3 / [O3]2 3. An example of a homogeneous equilibri is N2(g) + 3H2(g) <--> 2NH3 K= [NH3]2 / [N2] [H2]3 An example of a heterogeneous equilibri is H2O(g) + C(s) <--> H2(g) + CO(g) K= [H2] [CO] / [H2O]

Wiki Assignment 7: Equilibrium
An equilibrium is the exact balancing of two processes, one of which is opposite of the other. A hybrid car can be compared to a chemical equilibrium. A hybrid has two systems, a battery powered engine and a gas powered engine. When driving at a relatively constant speed the car will use a balanced amount of electric engine power and/ or gas powered engine, but the net output power remains constant. The battery level is drained by the electric motor, and recharged by the gas motor and the breaks. So within the closed system of the battery, the charged level remains relatively constant. There are two closed systems in this example; the battery charge level and the net power to the car. The molecules in a chemical equilibrium would be like imput power in the car, because the proportion of the electric motor versus gas motor for propelling the car varies but the overall net speed remains the same just like there is no net change in a chemial equilibrium.

Wiki Assignment 6: Reaction Rates
Temperature: For two chemicals to react their molecules must collide with eachother with enough energy for the reaction to take place. When you heat the mixture, you raise the energy of the molecules, which means they move faster, have higher energy, and react faster. This can be seen when you boil water. If you boil the water at a low temperature, it will take longer to react and boil because the molecules will not be colliding as often. When you heat the water, the molecules move faster and the energy is higher. This means the molecules will react faster and the water will boil faster.

Catalyst: A catalyst will lower the activation energy by giving the particles new ways to react. This can be shown with hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide will naturally decompose, but it takes a long time because it is a very slow process. The reaction can be sped up by adding a catalyst, which will lower the reaction rate and make it react faster. The reaction is shown in this video. [|Hydrogen Peroxide + Catalyst Video]

Concentration: Increasing the concentration of the reactants will increase the frequency of collisions between the two reactant. The more likely they are to collide the more likely a reaction will happen. In this video they increase the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction from 3% to 30%. When there was 30% the reaction happened much faster and was a lot bigger. [|Concentration Video]

Surface Area: If one of the reactants is a solid, the surface area of the solid will affect how fast it will react, because the types of molecule can only bump into each other on the surface of the solid. So the larger the surface area of the solid, the faster the reaction will be. In this picture in the metal, the ions only collide with the outside. But in the acid, the ions can go inside and cause more collisions. The molecules can collide a lot more often because the surface area is larger, which causes a higher reaction rate. [|Surface Area Picture]

Wiki Assignment #5: Investigating Solubility and Immiscibility
1. Oil spills in the ocean are very dangerous because the oil is difficult to get rid of and causes harm to ocean animals. There are many methods used to clean up oil spills. The first is dispersants which are chemicals that will break down the oil. They can be sprayed on fresh, clean oil spills by boats or planes. Another method is to use booms. A boom has a floating skirt suspended down in the water that stops oil from passing. They are best for preventing oil from passing into delicate protected areas. A third method for oil in the water is to use oil absorbing materials called salt lickers that basically suck the oil up from the water and into collection bins. Once the water reaches land clean up becomes much more challenging. Techniques used are to spray water at high pressures on the rocks in attemp to spray them clean and to put cut up plants and straw to absorb the oil.

2. Solubility the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolbed in a certain quantity of solvent or quantity of a solution at a specified temperature. Rate of dissolution is the rate of how fast it takes the particles to break down and dissolve into a solution. This is affected by temperature because when you increase the temp you increase the energy of the solution which makes the molecules move faster. This makes them hit more often and break apart faster. Stirring affects solubility and rate of dissolution because when you stir the particles together they will collide more and break down faster. Surface area also affects this because as you increase the surface area the solubility increases. This is because when there is greater surface area the particles are broken down more and can dissolve faster.

Wiki Assignment #4: Wonderful Water
1. The boiling point of water is 212 ° F and the freezing point is 32 ° F. Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere of the liquid. Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid freezes. Waters freezing and boiling points are the baseline with which temp is measured. 0 ° C is waters freezing point and 100 ° C is waters boiling point. 2. Water has a very high surface tension. Surface tension is the phenomenon caused by cohesive forces between liquid molecules that cause the molecules at the surface to not have like molecules on all sides of them. They cohere more strongly to those right next to them on the surface which forms a "film" that makes it harder for an object to move through the surface than to move when it is submersed. Surface tension is usually measured in dynes/cm. Water at 20 ° C has a surface tension of 72.8 dynes/cm. 3. The speed of sound in water is 1482 m/s (at 293K) Speed of sound is the rate of travel of a sound wave through a medium. Sound travels faster in liquids then in gasses, like air, because the molecules are closer together. Sound travels about 4.3 times faster in water then in air. 4. Water has a specific heat of 1 calorie/gram ° C which is higher then any other common substance. Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit of matter that is required to raise the temp by one degree Celsius. 5. The density of water is dependent on its temperature, but at 4 ° C it reaches its maximum density at 1 gram/cubic cm. When water is cooled from room temp its density increases, and then as it is cooled further from 4 ° C it expands to become less dense. Compared to other substances, the density of water is about average.

Sources: ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterproperties.html hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase.surten.html www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html [|www.dictionary.refrence.com]

Wiki Assignment #3: Global Warming?
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temp that Earth experiences. It is caused by infrared light that gets trapped in the atmosphere by certain gasses like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. As the molecules of these greenhouse gasses vibrate and switich charges at different frequencies, the charge will absorb the energy of matching frequencies of radiant energy around it. The Earth's surface emits the right frequencies that allow molecules to absorb and re-emit energy. When some energy is re-emited it is bounced around between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. This causes the air to be heated. Some statements I have heard about the greenhouse effect are that eventually all the ice caps will melt, and that limiting our use of fossil fuel will stop the damaging effects of global warming.

Wiki Assignment #2: Ideal Gases in the Real World
[|Charles' Law] Charles' Law states that when temp increases, the pressure increases. In order to keep the pressure constant the gas particles must have more room to collide, which means greater volume. In the video liquid nitrogen is poured on a balloon which then makes it deflate. When there is no longer any liquid nitrogen being poured on it, the balloon reinflates. This happens because the temp of the air particles inside the balloon goes way down and causes the pressure to go down, and in order to keep pressure constant the volume must decrease, which makes the balloon deflate [|Gay-Lussac's Law] Gay-Lussac's Law states that increasing the temp of a gas increases the average kinetic engergy, which means the gas particles are moving faster. When the particles are moving faster, they will collide with the walls of their container more frequently, which creates higher pressure. In this video, the aerosol can is thrown into a fire, and because the contents of the can are already under a lot of pressure, their energy gets so high in the fire that the can eventually explodes. [|Boyle's Law] Boyle's Law states that when the temp stays constant, as the volume increases, the particles cannot collide with the container as much as before, so the pressure decreases. So if the volume decreases, the particles collide more, creating higher pressure. In this video the guy is decreasing the volume of the air in the rocket launcher tube. Because he is decreasing the volume, the pressure is increasing. You know the pressure is increasing because when there is enough pressure, the rocket will launch, and shoot off the end.

Wiki Assignment #1-TED Talk
[|Video 1] I chose this video possible life on Saturns moon because it sounded interesting and I was curious about the subject. The video talks about scientists who found a warm and geologically active region at the southern tip of the small Saturnine moon Enceladus. They also discovered towering jets erupting from fractures at the south pole, consisting of tiny water ice crystals accompanied with other small substances. Later, it talks about how the ice water crystals are actually much more then what they had expected. The tiny crystals are actually found to be propane and benzene alone with hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde. Also, the water is actually salt water. Knowing this, they know the water from the jets are connected to a series of rocks making the salt water. Because of this, it can contain the chemical energy suitable for life to exhist on this moon. I really enjoyed this video because it I didn't know that other planets could have life forms exhisting on them. It was particularly interesting that the jets are able to produce chemical compounds making the moon capable for life to exhist on it.