Justin+J

Wiki10 Carbohydrates- 1.Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (Cm(H20)x) 2.Storage of energy, structural component, component of DNA and RNA, immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development 3.bread and sugar Proteins- 1.C,H,N,O,S (Carbon bonded to an amino acid,a carboxyl group, and a chain) 2.catalyze metabolism reactions, maintain cell shape, cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion and cell cycle 3. Muscle and amino acids Lipids- 1.C,H,O 2.energy storage for cells, structural components of cell membrane, and important signaling molecule. 3.fats, waxes, and vitamins Nucleic Acids- 1.C,H,O,P (sugars and phosphates alternating in a chain) 2.store genetic information and aids growth, repair, and reproduction 3.DNA and RNA

Wiki9 1. A concentrated solution is a solution that has many solute particles dissolved in the solvent, while the dilute solution has few solvent particles dissolved in the solute. 2. A strong acid is an acid that has a weak conjugate base, therefore not accepting the proton back from the H3O+, and staying dissociated (forward reaction dominates). A weak acid has a strong conjugate base, which takes the proton back from the H3O+, reforming the weak acid (reverse reaction dominates). 3.

Wiki8 Equilibrium2 1.The concentrations of the products remain constant because while elements A and B form AB, the AB is breaking down to form A and B at the same rate. It is still dynamic because the reactants A and B are still forming AB, and the product AB is still breaking down to form A and B. 2.The eq expression is written as the ratio of the product (multiply) of the concentrations of the products raised to the number of moles (in the chemical equation) to the product of the concentrations of the reactants raised to the number of moles (in the chemical equation). a.2SO2(g) + O2(g) <--> 2SO3(g) K= [SO3]^2 / [SO2]^2[O2] b.4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) <--> 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) K= [NO]^4[H2O]^6 / [NH3]^4[O2]^5 c.HNO2(aq) <---> H+(aq) + NO2-(aq)-- K= [H+][NO2-] / [HNO2] 3.homo- N2(g) + 3H2(g) <---> 2NH3(g) --- K= [NH3]^2 / [N2][H2]^3 hetero- H20(g) + C(s) <---> H2(g) + CO(g) -- K= [H2][CO] / [H2O]

Wiki7 Equilibrium An old windmill on a farm before the days of running water is a good example of an equilibrium. An equilibrium is defined to be the exact balancing of two processes, one of which is opposite of the other. When a windmill is moved by the wind, the windmill pumps water up through the pipes into a stock tank. Once the tank is full, and the wind doesn't stop, it begins to overflow. Your two processes, the windmill pumping water in and the stock tank overflowing, are opposite of each other because one is putting water in, and one is letting it out. They still balance each other, though, because the same amount of water is always in the tank. This is like a chemical equilibrium because the windmill is like the substance evaporating to a gas. The tank overflowing is like the substance condensing back to a liquid because it is keeping the system with a constant net value, and it is going back to its initial phase (in the ground ready to be pumped to the surface by the windmill).

Wiki6 Reaction Rates __Concentration__- shocking a pool- When you add more chlorine to a pool, the chlorine has a greater chance to collide at the right orientation with the bacteria and cause a chemical reaction to kill the bacteria. __Temperature__- baking pasta- When you put pasta nooodles in water, they chemically react with the water, and get soft. If you put the noodles into boiling water, the particles have more energy, and the bonds are broken sooner, and the reaction happens faster. __Catalyst__- rusting- Steel takes a certain amount of time to rust. If salt from the roads or the ocean is on the steel, it will rust faster because the water in the air is attracted to the salt. This causes the water and steel particles to be extremely close, and have a much higher chance of colliding at the correct orientation to break the bonds. __Surface area__- burning wood- If you were to burn a log that is a foot across, and two feet long, it won't burn very quickly, but if you split the log and cut it into smaller sections, the log will burn much faster. This is because when you cut the log, its surface area increases, and its particles now showing, along with the ones that were already showing, can gain energy and begin to hit the other wood particles. The more particles you have gaining energy and colliding, the better chance you have of the particles colliding with enough energy, and the right orientation to break the bonds, and produce H2O and CO2.

Wiki5 immiscibility- oil spills are cleaned up based on how quickly the ships get to the place where the oil was spilled. -if the place is reached in an hour or two, they will put bouys reaching down a few feet around the spill to keep the oil from spreading. They will then skim the surface of the water to remove all the oil floating on the water. They do this with large tubes that suck the oil and some water into large tanks. The mixture then sits long enough to separate and then they skim the oil off the water and release the water without oil into the ocean. This removes the oil but it only works if they get to the spill quick. -If the spill is away from land, they will sometimes set the oil on fire because it burns while the water doesn't. This causes many toxic gasses, so they refrane from doing it unless they are far from land, where no one and nothing will breath the gasses in. -One other way they sometimes clean up the oil is with dispersants. Dispersants are chemicals that break the intermolecular forces between the oil molecules, and causes the oil to disperse into the water more quickly. This method was found, in 2007, to be more dangerous than leaving the oil because the chemicals that are used to disperse the oil are very toxic for marine life, and have been found to do more damage on a coral reef than just the oil does. -If the oil is not effecting anything, and is in small enough quantities, it is sometimes left alone because it will evaporate into the atmosphere, and it costs nothing. -If the oil is effecting wildlife, or it is near the shore, they use biological agents. These are fertilizers that will help microorganisms grow quickly on the surface of the water. These organisms help to speed up the process of breaking the oil down into its components, such as CO2 and fatty acids.

Dissolution solubility- the ability of a substance to dissolve into a solvant, also the amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given solvant rate of dissolution- the rate at which a substance disperses into the solvant They are different because solubility is how much will dissolve, and the rate of dissolution is how quickly it disperses into the solvant. -If temp increases, solubility and rate of dissolution increase because the bonds are weakened in the solvant, and the solute can attach itself to the molecules in the solvant more quickly. Also, more can fit between the molecules of the solvant, because the molecules in the solvant are more spread out. -If you stir a solution, the solubility and the rate of dissolution increase because the solute molecules are hitting the solvant molecules more quickly. Also there more molecules of the solvant are being hit by the molecules of the solute, which makes more bonds form between them. -If the solute has more surface area, the rate of dissolution increase. This is because more solute molecules are touching the solvant molecules which form more bonds. The solubility stays the same because wou still have the same number of solvnant molecules bonding with the solut molecules, it just takes less time with more surface area.

Wiki4 Water 1) The melting point = 0 degrees Celsius. This is an average melting point. -The melting point is the temperature at which the substance goes from a solid to a liquid (freezing point is when it goes from a liquid to a solid). - [|#1] 2) Water is the only substance on Earth found naturally in the gas, liquid, and solid form. Most substances are only found in one and sometimes two forms. -water is found in the, gas form when it has no definite volume or shape, liquid when it has a definite volume but no definite shape, and solid when it has a definite shape and volume - [|#2] 3) Solid water is 9% lighter than liquid water, and floats on liquid water. Most substances's solid form is heavier, which is why the solid form sinks in the liquid form. -Solid water floats because when water freezes, its volume increases, which makes its density decrease. The volume increases because water does not have an orderly molecular structure, yet ice has a diamond structure, in which the molecules are more spread out. - [|#3 water facts] [|#3 Hydrogen bonding] 4) One liter of water weighs 1.01kg, and its density is about 1000kg/m^3. This is an average density and mass for liquids. -1.01 is the mass of 1L of water molecules, which at STP would be 2.6875*10^23 molecules of H2O. Density is the mass divided by its volume to find out how much water weighs per given unit of volume. - [|#4 density chart] [|#4 water weight] 5) The surface tension of water is 72.80 mN/m at 20 degrees C. This is higher than most surface tensions at 20 degrees C. -Surface tension is what causes the water molecules to stick together and not separate until enough force is applied to break the intermolecular forces. - [|#5 s.t. table] [|#5 s.t. definition]

Greenhouse gasses explanation - All particles with two or more atoms stretch and bend, with the possibility of vibrating. Only ones with three atoms connected to each other can be greenhouse gasses. This is because particles with only two atoms can only stretch or contract. Whereas, particles with three atoms can bend and twist in almost an infinite amount of ways. When the particles bend, the direction of the charge changes. This is how the particles can absorb the infrared rays emitted from the earth and reflect them back down to the earth. Specifically, when the charge is on one sside of the particle, it absorbs the energy, and when it bends and changes the direction of the charge, it emits the energy in a different diretcion, usually back down to earth.
 * 1) 1 - The average temperature of the earth is going up.
 * 2) 2 - The polar ice caps are melting at an alarming rate.
 * 3) 3 - We aren't getting as much snow because of global warming.

1.2.3. example #1- Gay Lussac's Law A chilled water bottle is an example of Lussac's Law. It states that as the temperature of a gas decreases, the pressure of the gas also decreases. When you put a water bottle in the fridge, it has the same temperature and pressure as the outside air. Then, it sits in the fridge, and the gas's temperature begins to drop. As the temperature drops, the particles lose their KE (directly proportional to Kelvin temp) and begin to slow down. This causes them to hit the sides of the bottle less and less, which causes a lower pressure.Once the bottle has been in the fridge for a while, the pressure gets low enough, and the plastic crushes because its not strong enough to hold that much pressure. example #2- Charles's Law A balloon dipped in Liquid Nitrogen is a good example of Charles's Law. It states that when the temperature is decreased, the volume of the gas is also decreased. Before you dip the balloon in the liquid Nitrogen, it is room temp and has a steady non-changing volume. Then, when you dip it into the liquid Nitrogen, the gas particles temperature drops quickly because it loses KE very quickly. As the temperature is dropping, the volume is also getting smaller. This is because in order for the pressure to remain constant (which it does), the particles need a smaller space to fill (not moving as fast). example #3- Boyle's Law A piston for an air compressor is a great example of Boyle's Law. It states that when the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure of the gas increases. How a piston for an air compressor works is it sucks air in from one valve (bottom right arrow). Then the piston compacts the air in the top half of the piston, this decreases the volume of the gas, and increases the pressure. Once the pressure gets too great, the other valve opens (top left arrow), and the compressed air moves into the tank with the rest of the air.

sources- [] - [|Balloon in N2] - [|Piston diagram]

TED talk [|David Blane- How I held my breath for 17min]

I watched the talk given by David Blaine about his magic and specifically his world record time of 17 minutes without breathing. I chose this talk because I have always been interested in magic and incredible feats like this. David Blaine began "training" when he went to the pool as a kid and had contests to see who could hold their breath the longest. His record was 3min and 30sec at age 13, which was also Houdini's record. Later on, he heard of a story in the news about a boy who fell through the ice and was under water for 45min, until they pulled his body out without any brain damage. This story inspired Blaine and he wanted to see how long he could hold his breath underwater. He started in New York, but he ran out of O2 due to excess movement, and they had to pull his body out after he blacked out at 7min 30sec. He then learned how to control his breathing and slow his heart rate, which resulted in a new world record of 17min 4sec. This talk surprised me because I never knew it was possible to hold your breath for that long with out drowning. I have heard of swimmers who can swim for a long ways without taking a breath, but they usually do not make it passed one or two laps without blacking out or drowning. I learned through this talk that anything you put your mind to you can do, and even if things don't start out the way you want (Blaine's heart rate starting at 120 instead of 32), you still can have a chance at reaching your goal (17 minutes under water).