Savannah+F

=Wiki Assignment 10- Biomolecules= Carbohydrates- Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They help with the storage of energy, the immune system, fertilization, and blood clotting in the body. Some examples are monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehyde, and disaccharides like sucrose and lactose. Proteins- Made up of amino acids. Proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. They are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Some examples include structural proteins like actin and tubulin, and cell signaling proteins like insulin. Lipids- Lipids help energy storage in the body, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules. Some examples include fatty acids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes and sterol lipids like cholesterol. Lipids include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steriods. They are made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms. Nucleic acids- Made of chians of monomeric nucleotides. They help to carry genetic information and form structures within cells. Some examples include deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid =Wiki Assignment 9- Concentrated vs Dilute and Strong vs Weak= -A concentrated solution is a solution that contains a large amount of solute compared to the amount that could dissolve. A dilute solution is a solution that has a low concentration of solute, meaning most of the solute has been dissolved. -A strong acid solution is when the conjugate base is really weak, the forward reaction dominates, and it completely reacts with water. A weak acid solution is when the conjugate base is strong, the reverse reaction dominates, and it does not dissociate in water.

=Wiki Assignment 8-Equilibrium 2= When equilibrium is reached the reactions do not stop. Forward and reverse reactions continue, they just happen at the same rate so there is no net change. The reactants and products do not need to have the same concentrations, and often times they do not. If a stress is added to the system, a shift will occur to bring the system back to equilibrium. Equilibrium is still dynamic because the rates of forward and reverse reactions are still equal. The way an equilibrium expression is written is by dividing the products to the power of any coefficients they have by the reactants to the power of any coefficients they have. This all equals K, which is the equilibrium constant. Here are 3 examples- N2 (g) + O2 (g) <> 2NO (g) [NO]^2 / [N2][O2]=K 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) <> 2SO3 (g) [SO3]^2 / [SO2]^2 [O2]=K N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) <> 2NH3 (g) [NH3]^2 / [N2][H2]^3=K These are examples for writing equilibrium expressions for both homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures- Homogeneous- N2 (g) + O2 (g) <> 2NO (g) [NO]^2 / [N2][O2]=K All products and reactants are in the same state, the gaseous state, making this a homogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous- CaCO3 (s) <> CaO (s) + CO2 (g) [CO2]=K Because all products and reactants are not in the same state, this is a heterogeneous mixture. When writing an equilibrium constant for heterogeneous mixtures solids and liquids are not included. This is because solid and liquid concentrations are considered constant, so there is no need to include them. =Wiki Assignment 7-Equilibrium= When thinking about how I can relate equilibrium to my life running kept popping into my head. When running I get to a point where I am tired, but not so tired that I can no longer run. This is what I would consider to be equilibrium when running. My will to keep running and the tiredness of my body are opposite "reactions" that are about equal at this point in a run. If I was, however, to increase my pace the equilibrium would be offset and my body would try to adjust to go back to equilibrium. For example maybe my breathing would change, my running form would become different, or I simply would have to start thinking differently in order to get back to the state where my will to run and the tiredness of my body are equal. This may seem like a far stretch from chemical equilibrium but it has helped me master the concept. The definition of chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state where the concentrations of all reactions and products remain constant. In running, the "products" and "reactants" I am trying to keep constant are my mental state and the physical condition of my body. When something in a chemical equilibrium is offset, perhaps in adding to the products, the equilibrium must adjust to the new equilibrium reaction. In my example the stress put on the equilibrium was an increase in pace. The equilibrium adjusted to this by changing various aspects of my running like my form and my thoughts. This example may not make sense to non runners, but for me and hopefully other runners who are trying to master the concept of equilibrium, relating the sport of running to this concept has helped in understanding it. =Wiki Assignment 6-Reaction Rates= Temperature- When you raise the temperature of a mixture, the molecules in the mixture will have more energy and therefore will collide more and cause a reaction to happen faster. An example of this is when you make hot chocolate. When you heat the water in the microwave, the water molecules have more energy. This means that when you pour in the hot chocolate powder the water molecules will collide will the powder molecules more than if the water were cold, and your hot chocolate will be ready much quicker.[]

Catalyst- The addition of a catalyst to a mixture will speed up the reaction rate. This is because of adsorption, a process in which the molecules of each type of substance in the mixture attaches itself to the catalyst. Because the molecules are so close, this will cause the reaction to occur quickly. Another reason is that the catalyst molecules from each of the substances in the mixture combine to form and intermediate compound. This compound is very unstable and will break apart, leaving the new compound (atoms of all the substances in the mixture) and the catalyst. An example of a catalysts effect on reaction rates is creating sulphur trioxide, which is used to create sulphuric acid used in car batteries, from sulfur dioxide and oxygen. A platinum catalyst is added to the mixture of sulfur dioxide and oxygen. A molecule of each substance attaches itself to the catalyst, causing them to be close to one another. This speeds up the reaction and soon sulfur trioxide is formed.[]

Concentration- When you increase the concentration of the reactants in a mixture the frequency in which the molecules collide will also increase. This will cause the reaction rate to increase. An example of this is once again making hot chocolate. If when you mix the water and powder together you have more powder than water, the reaction will occur slowly. But, if you increase the concentration of water by adding more, the reaction will happen more quickly and your hot chocolate will taste better. []

Surface Area- When the surface area is increased, so is the speed of the reaction rate. This is because when you have a larger area the molecules can collide more frequently. An example of this is making lemonade. If you use a small pitcher when making lemonade, the powder and water will take a longer time to react and mix together than if you use a larger pitcher. The larger pitcher will cause the to substance to mix faster because there is a larger surface area.[] =Wiki Assignment 5-Investigating Solubility and Immiscibility= There are several different methods that can be used to clean up an oil spill. One such method is bioremediation, which uses microorganisms or biological agents to break down or remove oil on the surface of the water. Another method is controlled burning of the oil. This, however, only works in low wind and can cause air pollution. A method called skimming involves a machine that separates the oil particles floating on top of the water from the water itself. Some methods of preventing oils spills include double hulling a boat. This involve building two hulls in a boat to reduce the risk and severity of a spill due to a collision or grounding. The United States Environmental Protection Agency also has a program call Oil Pill Prevention Containment and Countermeasures (SPCC) to help cut down on oil spills. Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gas to dissolve in a liquid solvent and form a homogeneous solution. Rate of dissolution is the rate of how fast or slow something dissolves in a solution. Effect of Temperature- Solubility- in the case of a solid dissolving in a liquid, the solubility of a substance will increase with temperature. In the case of a gas being dissolved, the solubility will decrease as the temperature is raised. Rate of Dissolution- as the temperature increases, so does the rate of dissolution. Effect of Stirring- Solubility- stirring does not effect a substances solubility. Rate of dissolution- stirring increased the rate at which a substance will dissolve. Effect of Surface Area- Solubility- as the surface area is increased, the solubility of a substance also increases. Rate of Dissolution- as the surface area becomes larger, the rate of dissolution increases. =Wiki Assignment 4-Wonderful Water= -Specific Heat-1 calorie/gram C. Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass to raise the temperature of something by one degree Celsius. The specific heat of water is unusually high compared to the specific heat of other substances. -Boiling Point-100 C. Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils. Waters boiling point is unusually high compared to other substances. -Heat of Vaporization-40.65 kJxmol-1. Heat of Vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. Water has an unusually high heat of vaporization. -Enthalpy of fusion- 333255 kJxkg-1. Enthalpy of fusion is the amount of thermal energy that needs to be absorbed for 1 mole of a substance to change from a solid to a liquid or vice versa. The enthalpy of fusion of water is high compared to that of other substances. -Surface Tensions-72.8 mN/m. Surface Tension is the property of the surface of a liquid and is what causes the surface of part of a liquid to be attracted to another surface, like another liquid. Water has a high surface tension compared to other substances. [] [] [] __http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization__ [] [] [] = =

Wiki Assignment 2- Ideal Gases In The Real World -One example I found of gases in the real world is the hairspray that I use. Because I am in show choir, and before that dance, I have always been surrounded by hairspray. My mom always told me to never ever get the cans near and open flame, but I never really understood why. Then, on Friday in class, we learned that an increase in heat results in an increase in pressure. Taking what I learned last week about pressure always wanting to be the same on the inside and outside of a container, I made the connection that if I heated up my hairspray can, the pressure inside of it would increase. This would be the pressure on the inside of the can is not equal to the pressure on the outside of the can, and it would explode. -Another example of gases in the real world are balloons. When you blow up a balloon, the balloon must inflate because there are more gas molecules filling the balloon, which also means the pressure is increasing. This may seem like it violates Boyle's Law, but because temperature and moles are not constant in this situation it does not. If too much air is blown into the balloon, it will pop. This is because the pressure of the air inside of the balloon became greater then the pressure of the air outside the balloon, causing it to pop. -A third example of gases in the real world also has to do with balloons. As I got into my friend Shannon's car the other day, I noticed that her Buffalo Wild Wings balloon was looking a little sad. I then thought back to what we had learned in chemistry that day and remembered that because it was cold in the car, the pressure inside the balloon had gone down. The air pressure inside the car was greater than that of the air pressure inside the balloon, which caused it to kind of implode. =Wiki Assignment 1- TED Talk=

TED video-[] -I chose this talk because I am very interested in medical science and I thought it would be really interesting to learn about the new advancements in this field. I also thought it would be cool to learn about growing new organs because I did not know how doctors do that. -In this talk Anthony Atala talked about how they have discovered that not only can animals regenerate body parts, but so can humans. This very helpful because due to the advancements doctors have had in medicine, people are living longer. Older age causes organ failure, which means that more and more people are needing organ transplants. Humans, however, can only regenerate over a distance of about one centimeter. For over larger areas scientists have found they can take cells from pieces of larger organs that cannot regenerate on their own. They then expand those cells and send them back into the body to regenerate. Atala also gave other examples of new ways to regenerate organs, including a machine that can "print" human tissue. -This video was very confusing. I am not a doctor, so I obviously do not know all of the medical terms that were used in this talk. Even though it was hard to understand, it was still interesting to hear about the advancements that have been made. I also liked that at the end of the video they showed a video of someone who was using and organ that scientists had engineered and it had helped to improve her life, which i thought was very heart warming.