Tommy+H

**Carbohydrates. 1. Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the human body. 3. Examples: glucose and fructose and foods high in carbohydrates.
 * __Wiki Assignment 10: Biomolecules.__

Proteins. 1. Proteins are mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms attached with amino acids.There are 20 different amino acids which allows the different amount of proteins to have a wide variety. 2. Proteins are used as enzymes in the body to speed up reactions within the cells. 3. Examples: titan and hemoglobin.

Lipids. 1. A lipid is any one of a group of organic compounds including the fats, oils, waxes, and sterols. They are charazterized by an oily feeling, solubility in fat solvents such as chloroform, benzene, or ether, and insolubility in water.2. Lipids help with brain function, joint mobilization, and energy production. 3. Examples: Cholesterol and glycerols.

Nucleic Acids. 1. Nucleic Acids are the building blocks of living organisms. They are made of sugar and phosphate molecules bonded together in a chain alternating. Nucleotide bases bond to this chain. 2. Nucleic Acids contain genetic information and are used in protein synthesis and reproduction of cells. 3. Examples: DNA and RNA.


 * __Wiki Assignment 9: Concentrated vs. Dilute, Weak vs. Strong.__

The difference between a concentrated and dilute solution is that a dilute solution has a smaller amount of the solute in the solvent, and a concentrated solution is the opposite, containing a large amount of the solute in the solvent.

The difference between a strong and weak acid is how much they react with water. A strong acid will react completely with water. A weak acid is the opposite. This means it will not react very much with water. above is a picture of a strong and weak concentrated solution, as well as a strong and weak dilute solution. The concentrated solutions have much more solute then the solute of the dilute solution. The difference between the strong and weak of each solution is that the strong solutions dissolve the acid completely, and the weak do not.

__Wiki Assignment 8: Equilibrium 2.__ 1. The concentrations remain the same because in equilibrium, the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction, causing no net change to occur. This is dynamic because it is an ongoing process that is occurring, there is just no net change happening.

2. In order to write an equilibrium expression, you need a balanced equation for example:::. This is written as::: The capital letters indicate the different concentrations and are put into brackets, the lowercase letters indicate the coefficients used to balance the equation, and the Kc is the equilibrium constant. The products are always put over the reactants, but when setting them up in the equation, you do not include any solids as well as pure liquids or solvent.

ex1: === Production of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.

ex 2: CaCl2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) ===

ex3: 2 NO2(g) 2 N2O4(g) ====

3. Homogenious (everything same phase) ex:

Heterogenious (more then one different phase) ^^^ The C (s) is not included because it is not a gas or aqueous solution.

__Wiki Assignment 7: Equilibrium.__

An equilibrium system can be looked upon as a ping pong match. As the ball bounces back and forth, the score never changes. This is like chemical equilibrium. In the state of chemical equilibrium, the reactants and products have no net change over time. This can be like the score. As the ball continues to bounce back and forth, there is no net change, the score never changes, this is just as there is no net change in chemical equilibrium. The ball bouncing back and forth resembles the molecules. The molecules in a chemical equilibrium will continuously travel back and forth, but not affect the net charge. As the ping pong ball bounces back and forth, it never changes the score.

__Wiki Assignment 6: Reaction Rates.__

Concentration (strength of solution): An example of concentration could be a box containing bouncy balls. The more bouncy balls you add in the box, when it is shaken up, the more they will react. This pertains to the collision theory because the more balls you have in the box increases the concentration, this causes more balls bouncing around, which causes more collisions with each other, causing a higher reaction rate.

Temperature (average kinetic energy or speed): An example of temperature could be cooking something in water. Noodles or pasta being cooked in cold water verse hot water makes a big difference. In the hot water the molecules are moving faster, causing more collisions, and a higher reaction rate, this causes the bonds in the noodles to break apart faster making them softer. In cold water, the molecules wouldn't be moving at a rate to break the bonds very fast, and this would cause less collisions and a lower reaction rate.

Catalyst (speeds up reaction without being consumed by reaction): A catalyst is something that speeds up a reaction rate by providing an alternate route and a lower activation energy. An example of this would be 2NO and O2 being combined. adding a catalyst would lower the activation energy for the reaction to occur and with the same amount of collisions occurring, this would speed up the rate of the reaction.

Surface Area: An example of surface area would be a reaction between magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid, as shown below. In the metal, the ions can only his the outside layer, but not in between. In the acid, the ions are able to go in between the atoms and cause more collisions. Because the surface area of the acid is larger, the molecules are able to collide more, and because of the increase in the number of collisions, the reaction rate is higher.

surface area example ::: [|sa.gif] 

__Wiki Assignment 5: Investigating Solubility and Immiscibility__ 1. Once oil has been spilt, it is tough to clean up because it spreads out over the water and can get on animals such as birds and sea otters. When there is a spill, workers can place "booms" near them. These booms are used like sponges to absorb the oil substances and help decrease the amount of oil spilt. Also, the works can use skimmers. These are boats that can remove the oil off the surface and also use sponges to absorb the oil. In large spills, airplanes can fly over and drop chemicals to break down the oil in the ocean.

2. __Solubility__ is how much solute will dissolve in the solvent and __Rate of Dissolution__ is the amount of time the breaking up of particles takes. An example would be sugar cubes breaking apart and continuously becoming smaller until it is evenly distributed throughout a drink.

Temperature affects this because increasing a temp cause the kinetic energy of an object to increase because the molecules move faster. The molecules start to move faster and hit each other more. In a drink, the molecules would hit the sugar cube more often causing them to break the cubes apart faster.

Stirring affects this because whatever is being used to stir will hit the particles and cause them to break. For example stirring sugar cubes in a drink would cause them to break apart from being hit by the object doing the stirring.

Surface area affects this because as the surface area increases, so does the solubility. On the surface area, the top molecules are lost because high energy molecules jump out of the substance and with a larger surface area, more of these high strung particles are able to jump out of the liquid.

__WONDERFUL WATER ASSIGNMENT #4__ 1. When water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius it turns into ice. Once in ice, water is actually less dense than in its liquid form which is very unusual. This causes the ice to float on the water. This is not like other compounds which makes this property very uncommon.

2. Water is the only substance that occurs naturally on earth in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas. This property is that it can have 3 states of matter and is extremely uncommon because it is the only one.

3. The boiling point of water is 212 ° F and the freezing point is 32 ° F. Waters freezing and boiling points are the baseline with which temp is measured. 0 ° C is waters freezing point and 100 ° C is waters boiling point. The boiling point is where the water turns into water vapor or steam and the freezing point is when the water turns into ice. This is high compared to other molecules.

4.The density of water depends on its temperature, but at 4 ° C it reaches its maximum density at 1 gram/cubic cm. When water is cooled from room temp its density increases, and then as it is cooled further from 4 ° C it expands to become less dense. Compared to other substances, the density of water is about average.

5. Water has a high specefic heat index. Specific Heat Index is the amount of heat per unit mass to raise the temperature one degree Celsius. The high specific heat index of water also helps regulate the rate at which air changes temperature, which is why the temperature change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden, especially near the oceans and very large lakes. Waters specefic heat index is very high compared to other molecules. sources:: [ http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0861882.html ] [ http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/youthdevelopment/components/0328-02.html ] [ http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html ] [ http://www.hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase.surten.html ] [ http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080208214147AAzbFxA ]

__GREENHOUSE EFFECT. ASSIGNMENT #3.__ The greenhouse effect is a rise in temperature due to certain gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane that trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, the global average temperature would be about 60 degrees F colder. This works because as the molecules of the greenhouse gases vibrate and switch charges at a certain frequency. If the frequency matches the radiant energy in the region, the charge absorbs the energy. The earth's surface also emits the right frequencies of infrared for the greenhouse gases. The greenhouse gas molecules absorb this energy and re-emit the infrared energy. It is a good chance this energy will be emitted back towards the earth, but can be emitted in any direction.

I have also heard because of the greenhouse effect, polar ice caps and glaciers will melt and eventually cause the water level to rise and eventually take out the states on the outside of america such as California and Florida. Another thing, is that animals many animals such as seals, walrus', and polar bears will also start to die out because they will lose land if the ice starts to melt and they will lose food.

__IDEAL GASES IN THE REAL WORLD. ASSIGNMENT #2__ example number 1: Boyle's Law states that pressure of a gas and its volume are inversely proportional. An example of this can be shown with a syringe. As you push the plug of the syringe inward, this compacts the gas particles decreasing the volume, but also increasing the pressure.

example number 2: Avogadro's Law states that if temperature and pressure are constant, if you increase the number of moles of gas, the volume will also increase. This can be shown with a tire. If you start out with a flat tire, as you pump more air particles into it, the number of moles increases, and the size of the tire also increases.

example number 3: Charles' Law states that if pressure and the amount of gas are constant, increasing the temperature will also increase the gases' volume. A football or basketball left outside in the cold is a great example that I've observed. I've realized that when you leave a basketball or football outside, it becomes more flat then it was. This is because the cold air causes the particles to slow down, causing them to not bump into each other as much and needing less space between them. When the balls are brought back inside, the molecules slowly start to speed up a little from the temperature and the volume increases again.

__TED. ASSIGNMENT # 1__** http://www.ted.com/talks/carolyn_porco_could_a_saturn_moon_harbor_life.html LIFE ON SATURN?!

Hello Mr. Dahlman, i chose to do this video because i was curious about if life really exhisted on another planet besides earth. I have always heard people talking about if aliens were real, and if it was possible for life forms to exhist in the outer galaxy. I chose this video because i think it might give me the answers im looking for.

This video is about geologists finding anomalously warm spots on the southern tip of the small Saturnine moon Enceladus. In this video, they talk about a once-in-a-lifetime discovery of towering jets erupting, producing tiny water ice crystals accompanied by water vapor and simple organic coumpounds like carbon dioxide and methane. A spacecraft has been flown by here several times, each time going closer into the jets. As the spacecraft got closer to the jets, scientists realized that they were producing more complex compounds then what they originally though. Instead of being the simple amino acids, they found things like propane and benzene. What the scientists thought were crystals of water, were actually frozen drops of salt water, which shows that the jets not only come from pockets of liquid water, but that the jets are also in contact of a rock. With this now known, these could supply the chemical energy and chemical compounds to sustain life.

I really liked this video because i found out that it is possible for life forms to exhist on other planets but as of right now we have no known knowledge of any other life forms out there. I found it cool that on other planets it is possible for suitable living conditions for life forms to live. Overall, this was a great video to watch and im glad we had this assignment. THANKS MR DAHLMAN!