Joey+F

=Wikispace Assignment #10: Biomolecules= A carbohydrate is one type of biomolecule. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. A carbohydrate's main function in the body is to provide energy, and this occurs because an enzyme known as amylase breaks down the carbohydrate into different components that provide energy. Two examples of carbohydrates are a simple carbohydrate, monosaccharrides, and a complex carbohydrate, disaccharides. Another biomolecule is a protein. They are made up of amino acids linked together. A protein's main function in the body is to help the body grow and develop, and well as producing new cells and repairing damaged ones. Two examples of proteins are insulin and myoglobin. Lipids are a third type of biomolecule. They are made up of a combination of fats, waxes, sterols, and different kinds of vitamins. A lipid's main function in the body is to store energy and contribute to the structure of a cell membrane. Two examples of lipids are cholesterol and monoglycerides. Nucleic acids are the final type of biomolecule. They are made up of five nucleotides (or monomers). These five nucleotides are Uracil, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, and Guanine. The nucleic acid's main function in the body is to store genetic information and use that information later to make new protein for the body. Two examples of a nucleic acid are DNA and RNA. =Wikispace Assignment #9: Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs. Weak= A concentrated solution is different from a dilute solution because a concentrated solution has more solute than solvent, but a dilute solution has more solvent than solute. A strong acid solution is different from a weak acid solution because a strong acid solution has a weak base, causing the forward reaction to dominate, meaning that the solute will completely react. However, in a weak acid solution, there is a strong base, causing the reverse reaction to dominate, meaning that very little of the solute will react. A concentrated solution of a strong acid means that HA will completely react, because a strong acid causes a weak base, and the forward reaction dominates. When it reacts, there will be many H+ and A- ions because of the high concentration. A concentrated solution of a weak acid means that HA will barely react, because a weak acid causes a strong base and the reverse reaction dominates. HA doesn't react very much, and there will be many HA ions because of the high concentrations. A dilute solution of a strong acid means that HA will completely react, because a strong acid causes a weak base, and the forward reaction dominates. When it reacts, there will not be many H+ and A- ions because of the low concentration. A dilute solution of a weak acid means that HA will barely react, because a weak acid causes a strong base, and the reverse reaction dominates. HA doesn't react very much, and there won't be many HA ions because of the low concentrations = = =Wikispace Assignment #8: Equilibrium 2= Once a chemical system reaches equilibrium, the reason that the concentrations of the reactants and products remain the same is because the rate of change from reactant to product and product to reactant are the same, so even though part of the reactant is turning into the product, part of the product is turning into the reactant at the same rate, and the concentration stays the same. Even though the concentration stays the same, we still think of equilibrium as dynamic because the molecules are still moving when they change from reactant to product or product to reactant. To write the equilibrium expression for a reaction, we divide the concentration of the products by the concentration of the reactants, and we refer to this value as K. One example is NaCl--->Na + Cl, and the equilibrium expression is K=[Na][Cl]/[NaCl]. Another example is Cu(NO3)2--->Cu + 2 NO3, and the equilibrium expression is K=[Cu][NO3]^2/[Cu(NO3)2]. A third example is PbS2--->Pb + 2 S, and the equilibrium expression is K=[Pb][S]^2/[PbS2]. An example of a homogenous equilibria is NHCl (g)<--->NH (g) + Cl (g), and the corresponding equilibrium expression is K=[NH][Cl]/[NHCl]. An example of a heterogenous equilibria is NaI (s)<--->Na (aq) + I (aq), and the corresponding equilibrium expression is K=[Na][I]/[NaI]. = = =Wikispace Assignment #7: Equilibrium= One example of an equilibrium system is water coming out of a shower head. When water comes out of a shower head at a certain rate, it goes down the drain at the same rate, so their is no net change in the total amount of water in the shower. This can be related to a chemical equilibrium (a dynamic state where the concentration of reactants and products remain constant). This is because the speed of the water coming out of the shower head and the speed of the water going down the drain remain constant, just like the concentration of the reactant and product remain constant in a chemical equilibrium. Since the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant, there is no net change in the concentration of the reaction. Similar to that, since the speed of the water coming out of the shower head and going down the drain remain constant, there is no net change in the total amount of water in the shower.

**Wikispace Assignment #6: Reaction Rates** Concentration affects the reaction rate in a reaction because if one reactant has a high concentration, there are more molecules in the reaction, causing more collisions, and a faster reaction time. An example of concentration affecting a reaction rate is if H20 reacted with a high concentration CO to form H2 and CO2 (I found this equation in our textbook). The reaction time would be high because of the increased concentration of CO. Temperature affects the reaction rate in a similar way. This is because as the temperature increases in a reaction, there is higher molecular speeds, causing more high-energy collisions. These collisions break the bonds, and this causes a faster reaction. An example of temperature affecting the reaction rate of a reaction is if N2 reacted with 3H2, forming 2NH3 (this equation was also found in our textbook). The reaction rate would decrease if these reactants were cooled to a low temperature, and the reaction rate would increase if the temperature of the reactants increased. The reaction rate also increases when a catalyst (a substance that is not consumed by the reaction) is added. The explanation for this is that every reaction has an activation energy. When a catalyst is added, the activation energy is decreased, so the reaction does not need as much energy to start, and the reaction rate increases. An example of this is if arene reacted with acid chloride to form ketone. The reaction rate would be sped up by the catalyst, which is aluminum chloride (this information was found on http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Bo-Ce/Catalysis-and-Catalysts.html). Like the other factors, surface area being increased increases the reaction rate because if there is a larger surface area, more of the reactant's molecules are exposed, causing more collisions, and a faster reaction time. An example of this is if a cake was being baked. The more batter that is exposed, the faster the cake will bake. = = =Wikispace Assignment #5: Solubility and Immiscibility= When an oil spill occurs, it can be very dangerous for the environment. This means that it must be cleaned up, and there are a few ways to do this. One way is to use a special type of ship (called Skimmers) that lift the oil out of the water. Another common method is to use a device called a boom. A boom is a barrier that is placed in the water. If an oil spill occurs, any oil that is near the boom will be collected by the boom. A third way to clean up an oil spill is to use chemicals to clean the water. These chemicals are dropped into the water by planes. __Solubility-__ the amount of substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. __Rate of Dissolution-__ dissolution is the decomposition into fragments or parts, so the rate of dissolution is the rate at which a substance decomposes into fragments or parts. When the temperature is increased, this causes the solubility of the solution to also increase. The rate of dissolution is also increased when temperature is increased. However, when you stir a solution, this does not cause the solubility to increase because it does not have any affect on the amount of solute that can be dissolved in the solution. Stirring does affect the rate of dissolution because when a solution is stirred, the contact between the solvent and solute is increased, so the solute dissolves faster. The surface area of a solution does not affect the solubility because no matter how large or small the surface area is, the solvent will only be able to dissolve a certain amount of the solute. Rate of dissolution is affected by surface area because the larger the surface area, the higher the rate of dissolution. This is because with a larger surface area, the particles will spread out more and dissolve faster. One of water's physical properties is its freezing point. The freezing point is the temperature at which water turns from the liquid state of matter to the solid state of matter (ice). Water has a freezing point of 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius), and this is higher than most other substances (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/freezing-points-liquids-d_1261.html). Another one of water's physical properties is its vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor that is above a certain liquid. The vapor pressure for water is .0212 atmospheres at 20 degrees Celsius. Compared to other substances, this is low (http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html). A third physical property of water is surface tension. Surface tension is tension on the surface of a liquid caused by the molecules grouping together. The surface tension of water is 73 dynes/cm at 20 degrees Celsius, and compared to other substances, this is high (http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html and http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterproperties.html). A fourth physical property of water is density. Density is the ratio of the mass of the object to the volume of the object. The density of water is one gram/cubic centimeter, and compared to other substances, this is a low density (http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html and http://www.zyra.org.uk/denslist.htm). One more physical property is the molar mass. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a certain substance, and the molar mass of water is 18.015 grams. Although this may seem high, the molar mass of water is much smaller than the molar mass of most of the elements, os the molar mass of water is low (http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html and Periodic Table) = = = = =Wikispace Assignment #3: Global Warming= The Greenhouse Effect occurs in our atmosphere. Light is emitted by the sun, and this light passes through our atmosphere. This light is absorbed by the earth, and then re-emitted with the frequency of infrared light. Once this infrared light is emitted, it is sent back towards the atmosphere where it comes into contact with certain molecules. These molecules vibrate in certain ways because of their structure, so when the infrared light is reflected back at the atmosphere, it vibrates at the same frequency as certain molecules. This causes the light to be absorbed, and re-emitted back towards the earth. One opinion that I have heard regarding global warming is that it is not occurring. I have heard that scientists admitted to changing statistics to make it seem like global warming is a bigger threat than it really is. Another opinion that I have heard is that global warming is growing worse because of the increasing population, number of cars, buses, and other hazards to the environment. Also, the continent of Antarctica is losing thirty-six cubic miles of ice per year because of global warming. = = =Wikispace Assignment #2: Gas Laws= = = One example of a gas law in the real world is radiant-floor heating. Radiant-floor heating is a good example of Gay-Lussac's law (P/T=P/T) because in the tubes, there is a certain pressure. When the pressure is increased, the temperature in the tube also increases (because the air molecules collide with the sides of the tube more often, and this causes them to move faster) and this makes the floor warmer. Also, since the volume stays constant, the pressure does not increase. Another example of a gas law in the real world is an aerosol can exploding. This demonstrates Boyle's Law (PV=PV) because when a puncture is made in the can, the pressure in the can rapidly decreases (because the air molecules don't collide with the sides of the can as often). As the pressure decreases, air enters the can and rapidly increases the volume, causing the can to explode. A third example of a gas law in the real world is water turning into steam. This is a good example of Charles' Law (V/T=V/T) because as the temperature of water increases (at a constant pressure) the water turns into steam, and the steam adapts to its surroundings by expanding its volume. = = =**Wikispace Assignment #1: TED Talk**=
 * Wikispace Assignment #4: Wonderful Water**

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I chose that talk because I thought that the subject of learning about how the brain perceives different illusions is interesting. In the talk, scientist Beau Lotto discussed how the brain interprets different illusions. He used many examples involving color, and even some examples involving words. The result was always different from what the audience expected, because their brain was telling them one thing, but the result was completely different. What I learned from the talk was that the color of something, or how something looks, is not always what it seems. There are many different factors that affect how our brain interprets these things (like the characteristics of the space in between ourselves and the object). Also, if our brain is tricked, it can change what we are seeing with the blink of an eye.