Sarah+S

=Assignment #10 - Biomolecules= 1.** Carbohydrates are composed of "carbon hydrates" in ratio of one carbon molecule to one water molecule, (CH2O)n. Ex 2. Complex Carbohydrates -- take longer to digest. oatmeal.
 * __Carbohydrates__
 * 2.** The main function of carbohydrates is to provide your body with energy. Our body can break these down quickly and efficiently.
 * 3.** Ex. 1. Simple Carbohydrates -- great source of quick energy. sugar.

1.** Proteins are composed of monomers called amino acids, each amino cid contains a base amino group, acidic carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, all attached to a carbon atom.
 * __Proteins__
 * 2.** The main function of proteins is to build up, keep up, and replace the tissues in our body.
 * 3.** Two really good examples of proteins are eggs and nuts.

1.** Lipids are molecules that are hydrophoic, not attracted to water because the non-polar covalent bonds linking carbon and hydrogen aren't attracted to the polar bonds of water.
 * __Lipids__
 * 2.** The main purpose of lipids is to store energy. A lipid is a fat so a small amount of lipid can store a large amount of energy.
 * 3.** The most familiar lipids are waxes, fats and oils. They are made by the reaction between alcohol and a fatty acid.

1.** Nucleic acids are polymers made up of necleotide monomers. Each monomer of nucleic acid is a nucleotide and consists of 3 portions: a pentose sugar, one or more phosephate groups, one of five cyclic nitrogenous bases. =​Assignment # 9 - Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs Weak= 1. A concentrated solution has alot of solute while a dilute solution has very little solute. 2. A strong acid completely reacts with water and the forward reaction dominates. However, a weak acid doesn't dissociate with water so the reverse reaction dominates. 3. =Assignment #8 - Equilibrium 2= 1. Once a chemical system has reached equilibrium, the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time even if the reactants and prodects are not the same. This is because when one becomes more soluble the equilibrium shifts sides to even everything out. Therefore, equilibrium is dynamic because you can have a variety of compounds and still maintain a constant equilibrium. 2. When writing an equilibrium expression you only use the compounds in a solid or aqueous form. The products always go in the numerator position and the reactants go in the demoninator position. You always put brackets around the compound and you put the coefficient in as the exponent. Ex. 1. H2 (g) + F2 (g) = 2HF......... [HF]^2 / [H2] [F2] Ex. 2. 4NBr5 (g) = N5 + 5Br4.........[N5] [Br4]^5 / [NBr5]^4 Ex. 3. CaCO3 (g) = CaO (s) + CO2 (g) ......... [CO2] / [CaCO3] 3. Homogeneous Equilibria: I4 (g) + Cl4 (g) = 4ICl (g) ..... [ICl]^4 / [I4] [Cl4] Heterogeneous Equilibria: P4 (s) + 6Cl2 (g) = 4PCl3 (g) .......... [PCl3]^4 / [Cl2]^6 =Assignment #7 - Equilibrium= When thinking about chemical equilibrium my mind starts to wonder towards the dribbling of a basketball. I have been playing basketball for quite awhile now and I have always noticed that when you dribble a basketball, it hits the floor and comes back to you at the same level or force to which you started at. For instance, if I dribbled the ball with a strong force it would bounce off the floor and come back to my hand with the same amount of force to which I started with. This is very smiliar to chemical equilibrium. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant. This means that both the forward and reverse reactions are happening at the same rate, so there is no net change. So in the basketball dribbling example, my hand would be the reactant and the floor would be the product. The basketball would be considered a molecule and continues to dribble at the same rate when hitting both my hand and the floor. Therefore, it has no net change. =Assignment #6 - Reaction Rates= Concentration -- It is currently a time for making hard boil eggs and coloring them full of spring colors. This can be a problem for the ones who don't know what colors to choose or how much food coloring to add. When my sister and I were younger we had this trick to coloring easter eggs that simply applies to reaction rates. We discovered that the more food coloring you mix into the water, the faster the egg would turn into that color. I never knew why until now. When you mix a lot of food coloring into a small amount of water you are simply adding more molecules into the cup of water, which then creates more collisions and in return a faster reaction. Temperature -- An example on how temperature affects the reaction rate can be described by coffee. When you usually make coffee, you usually mix your coffee grounds in hot water and it usually doesn't take that long to make. However, have you ever noticed how long it takes to make when you mix your coffee grounds in cold tap water? That usually takes longer for the two to mix. So we stick to making our coffee with hot water. The reason why coffee is made faster when we have a high temperature is because the higher heat increases the molecules that are in the substance. Increasing speeds lead to a higher energy collisions, which mean more collisions to break the bonds. And in the end have a faster reaction time! [|Temperature] Catalyst -- Yeast is a form of a catalyst in which it is used in a process call fermentation, the making of bread. Yeast is used in the making of bread to make the bread rise by feeding off subtances in the flour, and producing carbon dioxide. Carbon dioixde always rises and creates air bubbles throughout the flour. Once fully baked, you can taste the airy texture! Yeast simply does this because it is a subtance that increases the reaction time without being consumed by the reaction. It takes place during it. [|Catalyst] Surface Area -- An example on how the surface area affects the reaction rate can be described through a lab with calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. In a lab calcium carbonate that was a powder reacted faster with hydrochloric acid, rather than having the calcium carbonate in a big clump. This is because when you increase the surface area of the reactant, there are more molecules being exposed to collisions. With more collisions you create a faster reaction rate. [|Surface Area] =Assignment #5 - Investigating Solubility and Immiscibility= 1. When there is an oil spill a crew can choose containment and skimming to clean up the slick. Long booms which float on the water and a skirt that hangs below the water contain the slick and keep the oil from spreading out. T­his makes it easier to skim oil from the surface, using boats that suck or scoop the oil from the water and into containment tanks. We can help minimize their destructive effects on the environment by using more efficient and renewable energy that can help us reduce our dependence on oil - the only real way to stop oil spills. 2. Solubility is the quality or property of being soluble. Solids that are being dissolved in liquid the solubility increases as the temperature increases. On the other hand, gasses tend to become less soluble as the temperature increases. Stirring does not have an affect on solubility of a substance, it only increases the rate to which it dissolves. The surface area of a substance increases, the rate of dissolving increases as well and therefore the substance is more soluble. 3. Rate of Dissolution is the process by which a solid or liquid forms a homogeneous mixture with a solvent. The rate of dissolution increases when you have an increasing temperature, stir the solution, and if the surface area is smaller. =Assignment #4 - Wonderful Water= Water has some pretty unique physical states. This includes surface tension, heat capacity, critical pressure, critical temperature, and the heat of fusion. Water has a very high surface tension compared to other molecules. Its surface tension is 73 dynes/cm at 20°C. Surface tension is the tension of the liquids surface due to the forces of attraction between molecules. With waters high surface tension it is able to create water droplets, waves, and allows plants to move water from their roots to their leaves. [|surface tension] Water has a heat capacity of 4.22 kJ/kg.K. With a large heat capacity, it allows oceans and seas to act as heat reservoirs such that the sea temperature vary only a third as much as land temperatures. Therefore, moderates our climate. Also, with a large heat capacity and high water content in organisms contribute to thermal regulation and prevent local temperature fluctuations. Waters heat capacity creates a huge, good impact on our climate. [|heat capacity] Compared to other substances, water has a very high critical pressure and critical temperature. The critical temperature is the temperature at and above which vapor of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied. For water the critical temperature is 374 degrees C. The critical pressure is the pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature. For water the critical pressure is 217.7 atm. [|critical pressure and temperature] Water has a heat of fusion of 334 x 10^3 J/kg. Heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to convert unit mass of a solid into the liquid without a change in temperature. Compared to other molecules and subtances, water again has very high heat of fusion. [|heat of fusion]
 * __Nucleic Acids__
 * 2.** The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic information and use that information to direct the synthesis of a new protein.
 * 3.** Two examples of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA. The difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA forms a double helix structure whereas RNA only has one strand and no helix structure.

=Assignment #3 - A Global Warming?= The greenhouse effect is a very good thing for our planet Earth and for us humans. The greenhouse effect is the warming of temperature due to Earth absorbing energy. When radiant energy or light strikes the Earth, most of it is absorbed in the atmoshpere and other times the atmosphere reflects the radiation. Gases like nitrogen and oxygen have two atoms that expand and contract leaving the positive and negatice charges evenly distributed. Other gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have three atoms that move, bend or wiggle in all different directions. This can cause the negative charges to go in different directions. When the frequency happens to match the radiant energy's frequency, the surface absorbs, re-emits, and lowers the temperature in the atomsphere.

"Climate change is a real problem, partly caused by human activities, but its importance has been grossly exaggerated." -- **Freeman Dyson** "The basic picture is clear, and some changes are already occurring. A new report by the [|Arctic Climate Impact Assessment]—a consortium of eight countries, including Russia and the United States—now confirms that major changes are taking place in the Arctic, affecting both human and [|non-human] communities, as predicted by climate models." -- **Naomi Oreskes** "Nearly all of my colleagues who have been around 40 or 50 years are skeptical as hell about this whole global-warming thing. But no one asks us. If you don't know anything about how the atmosphere functions, you will of course say, 'Look, greenhouse gases are going up, the globe is warming, they must be related.' Well, just because there are two associations, changing with the same sign, doesn't mean that one is causing the other." -- **William Gray**
 * Statements/Opinions**

=Assignment #2 - Ideal Gas Laws= Charles' Law -- I was thinking back to a time when I was in fourth grade and my family and I went with my uncle's family to Iowa for a weekend to watch hot air balloon races. I remember how much time it took for balloons to get up in the air and how much time it took for them to get down. This was because of the temperature of the gas. When you are trying to get the hot air balloon off the ground you have this hot air/gas being blown into this balloon. Once the balloon is fully filled it starts rising from the ground. And according to Charles law, when temperature is increased, the average kinetic energy of the gas particles increase. With the pressure the same on the inside and out, the gas particles must have more room to move and collide with the containter. Thus creating more volume, thus making the ballon rise in the air. ==

Boyle's Law -- I was thinking back to homecoming week when we had our pep fest. One of our activites, very enjoyable to watch, was the poping of the others balloon. I never really got why a balloon poped until now. When you are trying to pop a balloon you and putting a lot of pressure on the balloon and trying to decrease the volume of the volume. Accoring to Boyle's law, as the pressure increases, the gas particles are colliding witht the sides of the container as numerours as before. So the volume would have to decrease or in the balloons case, pop.

Gay- Lussac's Law -- I was thinking about the summer time and how my family and I always go on bike rides. However, the first ride of the summer also takes up the most time because we always have to bump our tires. This week it all of a sudden clicked. According to Gay-Lussac's law, when you increase the temperature of a gas you are increasing the average kinetic energy of the gas. With the gas particles moving faster, they collide with the sides of its container creating a higher pressure. So in the winter, our bike tires decrease in pressure because the temperature is low. And when it comes to the summer we have to add air because the temperature is higher. = = =Assignment #1 - Ted Talk= [|How to live to 100]

I chose the talk on how to live to be 100 because to me living healthy and as long as I can is one my goals. By picking this talk I was hoping I could receive information that could help me later in life on how to live healthier and achieve my goal of living a long life. In this specific TED talk, Dan Buettner talked about a few different groups of people living in a variety of cities/towns. These groups of people of course lived to be 100 or older. Even though all these cities and towns were thousands of miles away from each other, they all seemed to be living in the same lifestyle as each other that led them to living a long beautiful life. Their lifestyles were set up so that whatever they did throughout the day had some sort of physical movement. I am not talking about going to a gym and running on the treadmill. But they will walk to a nearby store, work in their gardens, and cook food. They also took time during the day to relax and pray to their God. By doing this you relieve any stress you have had that day. The way they ate is another factor that led to a long life. They might have a little bit of wine but they don’t over drink. The same goes with food. They eat primarily veggies but they also eat so they are about 80% full. This helps them reduce the extra calories and the feelings you get from over eating. And last but not least they always put family first and hang out with the right people. Studies show that if you hang out with obese friends, you’re likely to become obese or overweight. All of these factors of their lifestyle help them live to be 100 and older which is pretty sweet. From this talk I actually learned a lot. I thought that the information that Dan Buettner was going to give was information that I already knew or would have predicted. However, I was proven wrong. This talk taught me that if I want to live longer I don’t have to work out hard at the gym for hours but by just adding more physical movement in my life. I also learned that when we live our cells in our body turn over and get damaged. The more cells that we damage in our body the less were likely to live a long life. So if I take good care of my body when I play sports, I am also taking care of my cells which will help me live a long happy life. I am glad I watched this video because it open my eyes a little more to what this world is really like.