Jimmy+F

=Wikispaces Assignment #10: Biomolecules=

The first group of biomolecules are carbohydrates. They are made up of carbon molecules, hydrogen molecules, and oxygen molecules. The function of carbohydrates is that they provide the human body with energy. They are broken down, so they release energy into the body. Two examples of carbohydrates are monosaccharides and disaccharides. Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that contain only one unit of sugar and disaccharides are carbohydrates that contain two units of sugar. Some examples of food that contains carbohydrates are bread and pasta. The second group of biomolecules are proteins. They are made up of amino acids. Amino acids are molecules that contain two functional groups, amine and carboxylic acids. Some functions of proteins is that they can carry oxygen to different parts of the body and they can store energy in the body. Two examples of proteins are hemoglobin and myosin. Hemoglobin are proteins in red blood cells that carry oxygen to different parts in the body and myosin are in muscles and they help muscles contract and function properly. Some examples of food that contain proteins are meat and eggs. The third group of biomolecules are lipids. They are made up of fats, waxes, sterols, and vitamins. The function of lipids is to store energy in the body. Two types of lipids are triglycerides and phospholipids. Triglycerides are fat molecules, so when the human body stores them, it is storing energy. Phospholipids make up cell membranes, so they are important because they help form strong cells. The fourth group of biomolecules are nucleic acids. They are made up of monomeric nucleotides, which are single DNA or RNA molecules. The function of nucleic acids are that they carry genetic information. Two examples of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acids and ribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic acid is DNA and ribonucleic acid is RNA. DNA contains genetic information and RNA also contains different types of genetic information. = = =Wikispaces Assignment #9: Concentrated vs. Dilute and Strong vs. Weak=

The difference between a concentrated solution and a dilute solution is that a concentrated solution has more solute and less solvent and a dilute solution has less solute and more solvent. In a concentrated solution of sugar and water, there would be more sugar, the solute, and less water, the solvent. In a diluted solution of sugar and water, there would be less sugar and more water. The difference between a strong acid and a weak acid is that a strong acid completely reacts in a solution and a weak acid will not completely react. When a strong acid of HA- molecules is mixed is mixed in water, it will react completely and disassociate, so there will be no HA- molecules left. They will spilt up into H30+ molecules and A- molecules. When a weak acid of HA- molecules is mixed in water, only part of the molecules will react and disassociate. Some of the HA- molecules will split up into H30+ and A-, but there will still be many HA- molecules in the solution. In a concentrated, strong solution of HA- molecules, there will be more solute than solvent, and the molecules will react completely. There will be many HA- molecules, and all of them will break down into H30+ and A- molecules. In the end solution, there will be many H30+ molecules and A- molecules, because it is concentrated, but no HA- molecules, because it is strong. In a concentrated, weak solution of HA- molecules, there will be more solute than solvent, but only some of the molecules will react. There will be many HA- molecules, but only a few of the molecules will break down into H30+ molecules and A- molecules. In the end solution, there will be many molecules, because it is concentrated, but there will only be a few H30+ and A-, because it is weak. In a dilute, strong solution of HA- molecules, there will be less solute than solvent, but the molecules will react completely. There will not be many HA- molecules, but they will all break down into H30+ and A-. In the end solution, there will not be many H30+ molecules, and A- molecules, because it is dilute, but no HA- molecules, because it is strong. In a dilute, weak solution of HA- molecules, there will be less solute than solvent, and only some of the molecules will react. There will not be many HA- molecules, and only a few of those molecules will break down into H30+ and A-. In the end solution, there will not be many molecules, because it is dilute, and there will be only a few H30+ molecules, and A- molecules, because it is weak. = = =Wikispaces Assignment #8: Equilibrium 2=

When a chemical system reaches equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain the same because they are going against each other at the same rate. One process in the system is doing one thing, and another process is doing the opposite of that at the same rate, so the system is balanced and it is at equilibrium. This does not contradict our picture of an equilibrium being dynamic because the molecules are still moving. An example of this is water vapor. The liquid molecules turn into water vapor molecules and the water vapor molecules turn into liquid molecules, so they are still moving. The reason that they are constant is that they are moving at the same rate. We write the chemical equilibrium expression for a reaction using the equilibrium constant, K, and the concentrations of the products and the reactants. To find K, we divide the concentrations of the products, on the right side of the reaction, by the concentrations of the reactants, on the left side of the reaction. The expression is K=Concentrations of products / Concentrations of reactants. One example of a balanced equation is NaCl-->Na+Cl. The expression would be K=[Na][Cl] / [NaCl]. Another equation is CrS-->Cr+S. The expression would be K=[Cr][S] / [CrS]. A third equation would be Ca(Cl)2-->Ca+2Cl. The expression would be K=[Ca][Cl]2 / [Ca(Cl)2]. An example of a homogenous equilibrium is CuI (g) <-->Cu (g) + I (g). The expression would be K=[Cu][I] / [CuI]. An example of a heterogenous equilibrium is FeS (s) <--> Fe2+ (aq)+ S2+ (aq). The expression would be K=[Fe2+][S2+] / [FeS].

=Wikispaces Assignment #7: Equilibrium=

An example of an equilibrium system is running on a treadmill. This is an equilibrium system because it is two processes that go against each other. Running on a treadmill relates to a chemical equilibrium because the reactants and products in both of them remain constant. In a chemical equilibrium, the reactants and products always stay the same. When you run on a treadmill, the speed of the treadmill and the rate that you are running remain constant, similar to a chemical equilibrium. Whatever speed that the treadmill is set at, you will run at that same speed, so both processes remain constant. The treadmill speed is like the reactant because it will affect the speed that you are running at. Your speed is like the product because it depends on the reactant. This is like a basic equilibrium because the the treadmill speed and your speed balance each other out. It is like a chemical equilibrium because they remain constant. Whatever speed the treadmill is at, you will run at the same speed and both processes stay the same. =Wikispaces Assignment #6: Reaction Rates=

Concentration affects reaction rates because it increases it. When the concentration of a solution is increased, that means that there are more molecules of the solute in the solvent. Since there are more molecules, there are more collisions, and the reactions will be faster, which is the collision theory (molecules react by colliding with each other). An example of this is if 2CO and O2 reacted to form 2CO2. If they had the same concentration, they would react in a certain amount of time. If one of them were more concentrated than the other, the reaction time would be sped up and they would react in less time. I got this reaction from our textbook Temperature affects reaction rates because it also increase it. If the temperature of a solution was increased, the molecules in the solution would move faster. There would be more high-energy collisions, so the collisions would break bonds more often and the reaction rate would be faster than it would without an increase in temperature. An example of this is if two chemicals, N2 and O2, were mixed. At a certain temperature, they would react in a certain time and form 2NO. If the temperature were increased, the reaction rate would be less. The N2 and O2 particles would move faster, so they would collide harder and break their bonds more quickly. I got this equation from our textbook. Catalysts affect reaction rates because, like concentration and temperature, they increase it. If a catalyst is added, it lowers the activation energy, which is the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. If two chemicals, 2NO and O2, were combined, there would need to be a certain amount of energy in the mixture for them to react and form 2NO2. When a catalyst is added, the amount of energy needed would be lower, so they would react faster because they would not need as much energy. I got this equation from our textbook The surface area affects reaction rates because it increases it. When the surface area of a substance is increased, more molecules are exposed, so there are more collisions, and the two substances react faster. An example of this is eating food and digestion. When you chew food, you are breaking it up into smaller pieces. The surface area of the food is increased, so more food molecules are exposed to the acids in your stomach. The food and the acids will react faster because the food's surface area is greater. I got this example from http://www.purchon.com/chemistry/rates.htm. = = =Wikispaces Assignment #5: Investigating Solubility and Immiscibility=

When there is an oil spill in the ocean, it is usually cleaned up by using booms. Booms are structures that are constructed in the water when there is an oil spill. They absorb the oil out of the ocean, so the clean the water and stop the oil spill. An oil spill might also be cleaned up by burning it. Fireproof booms are used to burn the oil up, but this is not as common as regular booms, because burning the oil might cause pollution in the air. Solubility is the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance. Rate of dissolution is how fast a substance dissolves in another substance. These are different because solubility is an amount of solute and rate of dissolution is the speed that a solute dissolves at. Temperature affects solubility because as the temperature of a solute increases, the solubility of the solute increases. The particles will move around faster, so they will turn from a solid state to a solution state, and more particles can dissolve. Temperature affects the rate of solubility because it will also increase when the temperature increases. This is because the particles move around faster, so they will have more energy and they will dissolve faster. Stirring does not affect the solubility because no matter how much a mixture is stirred, the same amount of solute will still dissolve. How fast it is stirred will not change how much solute dissolves because there is only so much that is able to dissolve. Stirring affects the rate of solubility because it is increased when it is stirred. The solute is moved around, so more of it will come in contact with the solvent and it will dissolve faster. Surface area does not affect solubility because it does not matter how much of a solvent there is. A solvent will always dissolve the same amount of solute, no matter how much that there is. Surface area affects the rate of dissolution because it will increase when there is a larger surface area. The solute will be able to spread out more, so it will dissolve faster. **Wikispaces Assignment #4: Wonderful Water**

One physical property of water is its boiling point. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature that the liquid boils at. Water's boiling point is 100 degrees Celsius at one atmosphere. This value is lower than than the boiling points of other substances. I found the information at http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html and http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/boiling-points-fluids-gases-d_155.html. Another physical property of water is its heat capacity. Heat capacity is the ratio of the heat absorbed by a substance to its increase in temperature. Water's heat capacity is 4.22 kJ/kg.K. This heat capacity is high compared to other substances. I found the information at http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html and http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/boiling-points-fluids-gases-d_155.html. A third physical property of water is its viscosity. Viscosity is the property of resisting the flow of a liquid or semi-liquid. Water's viscosity is 1.002 centipoise at twenty degrees Celsius. Compared to other viscosities, water's value is low. I found the information at http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html and http://www.gouldspumps.com/download_files/pump_fundamentals/gp_pf_sectd_05a3.stm. A fourth physical property of water is its critical temperature. Critical temperature is the temperature that a gas, when it reaches it, can't turn into a liquid. Water's critical temperature is 647 K. When steam reaches this temperature, it can't turn into a liquid. This value is high compared to other values. I found the information at http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html and http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/critical-point-d_997.html. A fifth physical property of water is its heat of vaporization. The heat of vaporization is the temperature that a liquid turns into a gas at. Water's heat of vaporization is 40.63 kJ/mol. Compared to other values, this is low. I found the information at http://www.ozh2o.com/h2phys.html and http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/vaporization.html.

=Wikispaces Assignment #3: Global Warming/Greenhouse Effect=

The Greenhouse Effect is caused by greenhouse gases. Sunlight shines down on the earth and then reflects back up into the atmosphere. When they are reflected, the light rays turn into infrared rays. This is because they have a higher frequency, so they are not ultraviolet rays and they become infrared. If the frequency of the infrared rays is the same as the frequency of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the infrared rays are absorbed by the greenhouse gases and sent back down to the earth, which warms it up. This is what is known as global warming. One opinion of global warming that I have heard about is that it does exist because the earth's increasing temperature is warming the earth. Some people think that global warming is a very important issue and that it should be solved. Another opinion that I have heard is that it does exist, but it is not a cause for concern. Other people think that the earth's increasing temperature occurs naturally and there is nothing that can be done to solve the problem. =**Wikispaces Assignment #2: Ideal Gas Laws**= = = One example of an ideal gas law in the real world is blowing up a balloon. This would be an example of Boyle's Law. Boyle's Law is PV=PV, which means that the initial pressure and volume is equal to the final pressure and volume. When you blow into the balloon, you are increasing the volume because there are more gas particles in the balloon. Since you are increasing the volume, the pressure of the balloon would also increase. This is because there is a higher volume. Since there are more gas particles, they do not collide with the sides of the balloon as often, so the pressure will decrease. It will also decrease because the balloon is larger, so the pressure of the gas particles is distributed over a larger area. Another example of an ideal gas law is a basketball being pumped up. This is an example of Charles's Law, which is V/T=V/T. When the volume of a basketball is increased, there are more gas particles inside. Since the volume is increased, the temperature would also increase. This is because there are more gas particles, so they have a higher energy and they will move at faster speeds. A third example of an ideal gas law in the real world is pumping up car tires at different times in the year. This would show Gay-Lussac's Law, which is P/T=P/T. When the temperature outside decreases, the pressure in the tire also decreases because they have less energy, so the will collide with the tire walls less. In the winter, you will have to pump up your car tires more often because the temperature is lower, so the tire pressure will also be lower. In the summer, the temperature is higher. The gas particles will have more energy and they will collide with the tire walls more, so there will be a higher pressure. Since there's a higher pressure, you will not have to pump up your tires as often. = = =**Wikispaces Assignment #1: TED Talk**=

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The TED talk that I chose to watch was a talk on things that are invisible in our world. The reason that I chose this talk was that I thought it would be interesting to hear about different things that we can't see, but are still there. The talk was given by a comedian and writer named John Lloyd. It was ten minutes long and during that time, he discussed different things or concepts in the world that are present, but that we can't see. Some of the examples that he gave were gravity, atoms, and gas, like oxygen. I enjoyed the talk and I realized just how many things we know are there, but we can't see. An example that he gave was that during the day, when it is light outside, we can't see stars in the sky. We can't see atoms or oxygen, but we know that it exists because we could not live without it.

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